--- title: "The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto - IVU - International Vegetarian Union" description: "The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto: THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY A thesis presented to the London School of Economics, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Julia Twigg ©AUTUMN 1981 - Thesis Index The" url: "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2761-history-thesis-esperanto.html" date: "2026-11-06T04:04:01+00:00" language: "en-GB" --- # The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto ![The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto](https://ivu.org/images/legacy/history/banners/history-thesis-esperanto.png) | THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY A thesis presented to the London School of Economics, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Julia Twigg ©AUTUMN 1981 - [Thesis Index](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html) [The author](http://www.kent.ac.uk/sspssr/staff/academic/twigg.html) is now Professor of Social Policy and Sociology at Kent University, England, and has given permission for this previously unpublished thesis to be published on the IVU website. The ownership and copyright remain hers and no part of this thesis may be used elsewhere without her express permission. CHAPTER SEVEN: THE GREAT WAR AND THE INTERWAR PERIOD \[Numerical links are to the author's footnotes, use your back button to return to the same point in the text. Text links are to relevant items on the IVU website, all open in new windows\] INTERNATIONALISM AND ESPERANTO Vegetarianism was marked by a strong internationalist tone; [(1)](#1) in part this was a product of the general aspirations and mood of the period, though it relates also to vegetarianism's own commitment to universalist moral principles. [(2)](#2) The link with esperanto provides one example of this. An Esperanto Vegetarian Society ([Tutmondo Esperantista Vegetara](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2693-history-societies-esperanto.html)) had been founded as early as 1908 under [Tolstoyan](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2811-history-tolstoy-index.html) influence, and In 1909 the \[IVU\] [International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc09-index.html) had called on vegetarians to learn esperanto. [(3)](#3) In the Interwar period - as indeed today - many esperantists were vegetarian. Though esperanto had been invented in 1887 by the Polish Dr Zamenhof, Its progress was slow and obscure until the early years of this century, when It made rapid advances in France. A series of international congresses were held and Its popularity grew; It was in the immediate post-war years that it had its greatest success and widest aspirations. Though it failed in its attempt to be adopted as the official language of the League, it was closely associated with the internationalist sentiment of the period, especially at the grass roots level, and Guérard, writing In 1922, believed that Esperanto was 'profiting from this new state of mind'. [(4)](#4) One of the aims and appeals of esperanto was the provision of the basis for personal contacts between people of different nations in ways that would make the possibility of war repugnant and ultimately impossible; and the report of the League stressed its great potential 'from the point of view of the moral unity of the world'. [(5)](#5) In scientific, commercial, philanthropic, tourist and even more, in working class circles, there is a feeling that it is urgently necessary to escape from the linguistic complications which impede international relations and particularly direct relations between people. [(6)](#6) The vegetarian esperanto link owes something also to the earlier tradition of shorthand writing and reformed spelling. There is a sense in which all of these appeal to the desire for conscious deliberation and for reforming language according to ordered and rational principles; and they draw on a general tendency within vegetarianism towards the tidying up of social reality that we have noted in other contexts. Edward Sapir, writing in 1931, touches on this aspect when he notes the belief that a constructed language, unlike the old organic languages, would correspond to the 'analytic and creative spirit' of modern times, and would free us from the tyranny of language by making us its masters and not Its products. This he felt would have an important psychological effect on our attitude to society. [(7)](#7) --- 1. *124.* During the First World War, despite the bitterness of the conflict, the vegetarian societies kept in contact with their German counterparts, and soon after the peace, plans were under way for an International Conference, VM, Aug 1923, p121. \[[1923 IVU Congress](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/3773-congress-wvc23-index.html)\] 2. *125.* See Chapter 9g. 3. *126.* VM, April 1914, p135. 4. *127.* A.L. Guérard, A Short History of the International Language Movement, 1922, p123. 5. *128.* Esperanto as an International Auxiliary Language, League of Nations, Report of General Secretariat, Geneva 1922, p13. 6. *129.* Ibid., p2. In the section devoted to esperanto in England, it is reported that the majority of classes were in evening institutes (about ninety-two groups in 1922), though it was also taught in thirteen elementary schools and. five secondary. The distribution of these schools - the primary schools were in Barry, Eccles, Huddersfield, Leigh, Liverpool and a 'very poor' area of Worcester - though no doubt reflecting personal enthusiasms, does give some support to the rather unexpected statement concerning working-class association, probably better understood as broadly socialist. Not surprisingly, esperanto was taught at the school at Whiteway, and Gassy Marin, a noted member of the community, was a keen supporter. (I am indebted to Hilda Gustin for information about Mann and esperanto at Whiteway). 7. *130.* Psyche, April 1931, p4. *Previous:* [The Peace Movement](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2779-history-thesis-peace.html) \| [ Thesis Index](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html) \| *Next:* [Progressive Education ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2760-history-thesis-education.html) | A note on this archive. The history section of this website is drawn from a body of legacy content originally compiled by John Davis, former manager of the International Vegetarian Union. It represents his curation of historical material, and in places includes passages written by him directly. Over the years, the IVU website has migrated between several different hosting servers. In the course of these migrations, a number of PDF files were unfortunately lost, and **some links to PDF documents may no longer function**. Where this is the case, we have chosen to leave the original link text in place, as it may itself carry information of historical value. - Hits: 935 ### Vegan Recipes - [![Fruity Mint Kebabs](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/fruity-mint-kebabs-1777939713_7a7962d4099f097dcf56074bf9f53f88.jpg "Fruity Mint Kebabs")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/fruity-mint-kebabs.html "Fruity Mint Kebabs") #### [Fruity Mint Kebabs](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/fruity-mint-kebabs.html "Fruity Mint Kebabs") [Desserts](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/deserts.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) [South Africa](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/south-africa.html) - [![VEGAN SEAWEED SCORCHED RICE](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th10%20382_fa0b893694b32cd425239cfa180fe714.jpg "VEGAN SEAWEED SCORCHED RICE")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-seaweed-scorched-rice.html "VEGAN SEAWEED SCORCHED RICE") #### [VEGAN SEAWEED SCORCHED RICE](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-seaweed-scorched-rice.html "VEGAN SEAWEED SCORCHED RICE") [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Rice](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/rice.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) - [![VEGAN SILKEN TOFU SIMMERED SHIITAKE MUSHROOM SAUCE](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th10%20600_bbfa471ff4ee169c8bb73df39f2434a2.jpg "VEGAN SILKEN TOFU SIMMERED SHIITAKE MUSHROOM SAUCE")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-silken-tofu-simmered-shiitake-mushroom-sauce.html "VEGAN SILKEN TOFU SIMMERED SHIITAKE MUSHROOM SAUCE") #### [VEGAN SILKEN TOFU SIMMERED SHIITAKE MUSHROOM SAUCE](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-silken-tofu-simmered-shiitake-mushroom-sauce.html "VEGAN SILKEN TOFU SIMMERED SHIITAKE MUSHROOM SAUCE") [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Fake Meats (Tofu etc)](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/fake-meats-tofu-etc.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) [Sauces](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/sauces.html) ### VFA Blog - [![The Culinary World of Vegan Curries: A Spice-Laden Journey](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/tofu_curry_c5126af9213a5388a5737b7826ce5fc3.jpg "The Culinary World of Vegan Curries: A Spice-Laden Journey")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/the-culinary-world-of-vegan-curries-a-spice-laden-journey.html "The Culinary World of Vegan Curries: A Spice-Laden Journey") #### [The Culinary World of Vegan Curries: A Spice-Laden Journey](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/the-culinary-world-of-vegan-curries-a-spice-laden-journey.html "The Culinary World of Vegan Curries: A Spice-Laden Journey") - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/the-culinary-world-of-vegan-curries-a-spice-laden-journey.html) ### Science - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular ### History [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg) Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating") [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg) Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation") [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg) Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference") ### Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular 7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular 7320 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) [ Nutrition Guide for Students (with Khmer Translation)](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) Popular 6053 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) [ ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン栄養ガイド](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) Popular 5524 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) [ BROȘURA DE NUTRIȚIE VEGETARIANĂ - Romanian](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) Popular 5040 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular 4559 downloads ### Nutrition - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular 603 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular 2783 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular 3835 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular 4052 downloads ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults In 2 versions: - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html) [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html) ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Vegan Nutrition ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png) ### Presidents, Chair and Council - [IVU President and Chair of the International Council](https://ivu.org/ivu-chair.html) - [IVU Honorary President](https://ivu.org/ivu-honorary-president.html) - [International Council](https://ivu.org/international-council.html) ### Departments - [Fund-raising](https://ivu.org/fund-raising.html) - [Global Health](https://ivu.org/global-health-department.html) - [Medicine and Nutrition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/medicine-and-nutrition.html) - [Policy Initiatives](https://ivu.org/policies-initiatives.html) - [Articles](https://ivu.org/policies-initiatives/policies-iniciatives-articles.html) ### Regions - [Europe](https://ivu.org/europe-union.html) - [Latin America](https://ivu.org/latin-america.html) - [North America](https://ivu.org/north-america.html) - [Africa](https://ivu.org/africa-continent.html) - [Asia-Pacific](https://ivu.org/asia-pacific-region.html) - [Asia-South & India](https://ivu.org/asia-south-west.html) - [Asia-West & Middle East](https://ivu.org/asia-west-middle-east.html) - [Contacts](https://ivu.org/contact-ivu.html) ### Blogs - [Cynthia Schuck](https://ivu.org/cynthia-schuck.html) - [John Davis](https://ivu.org/john-davis.html) - [Marly Winckler](https://ivu.org/marly-winckler.html) - [Vegan Food Academy](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page.html) - [Login](https://ivu.org/login-2.html) ## Schema ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html?view=article&id=2761:history-thesis-esperanto&catid=75","url":"https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html?view=article&id=2761:history-thesis-esperanto&catid=75","name":"The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981 (Julia Twigg, PhD thesis) — part 19 of 58","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":[{"@id":"https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html#archive"},{"@id":"https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html"}],"publisher":{"@id":"https://ivu.org/#organization"},"description":"THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY A thesis presented to the London School of Economics, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of…","about":{"@id":"https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html#thesis"}}]} ``` ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://ivu.org" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "IVU", "item": "https://ivu.org/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Resources", "item": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources.html" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "name": "Interviews", "item": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews.html" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 5, "name": "History of the Vegetarian Societies", "item": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews.html" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 6, "name": "history", "item": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews.html" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 7, "name": "thesis", "item": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews.html" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 8, "name": "The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto", "item": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2761-history-thesis-esperanto.html" } ] } ``` ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/interviews/2761-history-thesis-esperanto.html" }, "headline": "The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto", "description": "The Vegetarian Movement in England, 1847-1981: Internationalism and Esperanto: THE VEGETARIAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND, 1847-1981 : A STUDY IN THE STRUCTURE OF ITS IDEOLOGY A thesis presented to the London School of Economics, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Julia Twigg ©AUTUMN 1981 - Thesis Index The", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "International Vegetarian Union", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://ivu.org/images/logos/logo-ivu-tranparent-background.png" } }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Alex Fernandes", "url": "https://ivu.org/international-council.html" }, "datePublished": "2026-10-15T23:59:29+00:00", "dateCreated": "2026-05-29T01:58:53+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-10-08T00:53:52+00:00" } ```