---
title: "l'intolérance au lactose - Union Végétarienne Internationale (Français) - IVU - International Vegetarian Union"
description: "l'intolérance au lactose - Union Végétarienne Internationale (Français): Publié par le Physician Committee For Responsible Medicine English - Español - Français - Italiano L’intolérance au lactose est l’incapacité à digérer le sucre de lait"
url: "https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=6462:french-trans-lactose-intolerance&catid=461"
date: "2026-11-05T23:57:00+00:00"
language: "en-GB"
---

#  l'intolérance au lactose - Union Végétarienne Internationale (Français)

Publié par le Physician Committee For Responsible Medicine
 [English](http://www.pcrm.org/health/Info_on_Veg_Diets/lactose_intolerance.html) - [Español](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=6700:spanish-trans-ssnv-lactose&catid=297) - Français - [Italiano](http://www.scienzavegetariana.it/nutrizione/pcrm/pcrm_lattosio.html)

L’intolérance au lactose est l’incapacité à digérer le sucre de lait appelé lactose, ce qui entraîne chez certaines personnes des symptômes gastro-intestinaux (flatulences, ballonnements, crampes, et diarrhée). Ceci s'explique par un manque de lactase, enzyme qui décompose le lactose en formes plus simples : le glucose et le galactose.

 Presque tous les bébés et jeunes enfants possèdent ces enzymes de lactase divisant le lactose en glucose et galactose, qui peuvent alors être absorbés dans le sang. Avant le milieu des années 60, la plupart des professionnels de la santé américains pensaient que ces enzymes étaient aussi présentes chez pratiquement tous les adultes. Cependant, lorsque des chercheurs ont testé la capacité à digérer le lactose chez différents groupes ethniques, leurs conclusions se sont avérées tout autres. Environ 70 pour cent des Afro-Américains, 90 pour cent des Américains d’origine asiatique, 53 pour cent des Hispano-Américains, et 74 pour cent des Amérindiens souffraient d’intolérance au lactose[1-4](#1). Les études ont montré qu’une diminution significative de l’activité lactasique est également fréquente chez les sujets ayant des ancêtres arabes, juifs, italiens ou grecs[5](#5).

 En 1988, on pouvait lire dans l’American Journal of Clinical Nutrition : « Il est vite devenu très clair que cette caractéristique correspondait à la norme génétique, et que le maintien de l’activité lactasique concernait uniquement une majorité d’adultes ayant leurs origines en Europe du Nord ou dans certaines populations méditerranéennes[6](#6). » En d’autres termes, les Caucasiens tolèrent le sucre de lait grâce une mutation génétique dont ils ont hérité.

 Globalement, environ 75 pour cent de la population mondiale, dont 25 pour cent d’Américains, perdent leurs enzymes de lactase après sevrage[7](#7). Cette constatation a entraîné un changement important du point de vue terminologique : ceux qui ne pouvaient pas digérer le lait étaient autrefois dits « intolérants au lactose » ou « déficients en lactase ». Ils sont aujourd'hui considérés comme normaux, alors que les adultes qui conservent les enzymes leur permettant de digérer le lait sont dits « à lactase persistante ».

 Les personnes souffrant d’intolérance au lactose n’ont aucune raison de se forcer à boire du lait. En effet, le lait et autres produits laitiers n’apportent aucun nutriment que l’on ne puisse trouver dans d’autres aliments sous une forme plus saine. Chose étonnante, il semble que le fait de boire du lait n’empêche même pas l'ostéoporose, utilisée comme principal argument de vente.

### Le lait n’empêche pas efficacement l’ostéoporose

On présente avant tout le lait comme une source de calcium appropriée pour prévenir l’ostéoporose. Cependant, la prédisposition à l’ostéoporose, de la même façon que la capacité à digérer le lactose, diffère totalement selon les groupes ethniques, et ni la consommation de lait ni l’apport de calcium en général ne sont des facteurs décisifs en ce qui concerne la santé des os.

 La National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1991) - étude sur la nutrition et la santé conduite aux Etats-Unis - a établi que la prévalence d’ostéoporose ajustée selon l’âge était de 21 pour cent chez les Américaines d'origine caucasienne de 50 ans et plus, contre 16 pour cent chez les Hispano-Américaines et 10 pour cent chez les Afro-Américaines[8](#8).

 En 1992, un rapport a révélé que les taux de fractures variaient considérablement entre divers pays et que les apports en calcium ne jouaient en aucun cas un rôle protecteur[9](#9). En fait, ces taux de fractures étaient au contraire plus élevés dans les pays qui consommaient beaucoup de calcium que dans ceux qui en consommaient moins.

 C’est l’équilibre, et non pas l’apport en calcium seul, qui semble être le plus important pour le métabolisme osseux. La perte d’intégrité osseuse chez beaucoup de femmes blanches ménopausées s’explique probablement par la génétique et par des facteurs liés à la diététique et au style de vie. Les études montrent que la consommation de protéines animales, de sel, de caféine et de tabac, ainsi que le manque d’activité physique augmentent les pertes en calcium.

 Les protéines animales extraient des os le calcium, qui est évacué dans les urines. Le sodium a aussi tendance à favoriser le passage du calcium dans les reins, et il est même reconnu dans le dernier Dietary Guidelines for Americans[10](#10) (conseils diététiques pour les Américains) qu’il contribue aux pertes urinaires de calcium. Fumer est un facteur qui contribue également à la perte de calcium. Une étude réalisée sur des jumeaux a montré que le risque de fracture osseuse augmentait de 44 pour cent pour les fumeurs de longue date, par rapport à leur jumeau non fumeur[11](#11). L’activité physique et le métabolisme de la vitamine D sont d’autres facteurs importants pour l’intégrité osseuse.

 Il est clair que l’équilibre entre ces facteurs environnementaux, associé à la génétique, est aussi important que l’apport en calcium en ce qui concerne les risques d’ostéoporose et de fractures. Chez la majorité des adultes, une consommation régulière de lait est susceptible de provoquer des symptômes gastro-intestinaux, sans avoir aucun effet bénéfique pour les os.

### Les enzymes de lactase vendues dans le commerce ne sont pas la meilleure solution

 Les produits laitiers à teneur réduite en lactose vendus dans le commerce sont souvent présentés comme étant la « solution » à l’intolérance au lactose. Les enzymes de ces produits sont modifiées afin de décomposer leur lactose en glucose et galactose, empêchant ainsi les maux d'estomac et autres symptômes liés à la maldigestion du lactose. Toutefois, même les comprimés de lactase ne résolvent pas le problème, puisque des symptômes digestifs peuvent encore apparaître.

 Il est plus probable d’avoir un déficit en fer avec un régime riche en produits lactés, car ceux qui sont fabriqués à partir de lait de vache ont une teneur très faible en fer[12](#12). Une étude récente a établi un lien entre la consommation de lait de vache et la constipation chronique chez les enfants[13](#13). Des études épidémiologiques montrent une forte corrélation entre la consommation de produits laitiers et l’incidence du diabète insulino-dépendant (Type 1 ou diabète de l'enfant)[14](#14), [15](#15). Les taux de stérilité et de cancer des ovaires peuvent être plus élevés pour les femmes qui consomment des produits laitiers que pour celles qui les évitent[16](#16). Les produits laitiers ont aussi une influence sur la prédisposition aux cataractes[17](#17) et aux allergies alimentaires.

 De courtes expositions quotidiennes au soleil apportent habituellement aux êtres humains la vitamine D dont ils ont besoin. Certaines denrées alimentaires, comme le lait de vache, le lait de soja et certaines céréales, sont enrichies avec cette vitamine. Malheureusement, des échantillons de lait ont révélé des variations significatives de teneur en vitamine D ; certains échantillons en contiennent 500 fois plus que la quantité recommandée, tandis que d’autres en renferment très peu ou pas du tout[18](#18), [19](#19). Un excès de vitamine D peut s’avérer toxique et avoir pour conséquence des taux de calcium trop élevés dans le sang et les urines, une plus grande absorption d'aluminium dans l'organisme, et des dépôts de calcium dans les tissus mous.

### Des sources de calcium plus saines

 La prévalence de l’ostéoporose parmi les femmes d’origine caucasienne (sans parler de l’influence de l’industrie laitière) semble expliquer l’importance donnée aux apports en calcium, mais cela ne signifie pas pour autant que les autres groupes démographiques n’ont pas besoin d’une certaine quantité de calcium dans leur alimentation. Cependant, on peut facilement trouver du calcium ailleurs que dans les produits laitiers. Les légumes à feuilles vertes tels que les brocolis, les choux frisés les *collards* (choux verts à feuilles lisses), sont riches en calcium facilement assimilable (Tableau 1).

 De nombreux légumes verts ont des taux d’absorption supérieurs à 50 pour cent, contre environ 32 pour cent pour le lait. En 1994, l'American Journal of Clinical Nutrition donnait un taux d’absorption de 52,6 pour cent pour les brocolis, 63,8 pour cent pour les choux de Bruxelles, 57,8 pour cent pour les feuilles de moutarde, et 51,6 pour cent pour les feuilles de navet[20](#20). Entre 40 et 59 pour cent du calcium contenu dans le chou frisé est absorbé[21](#21). De même, les haricots (haricots Pinto, haricots à œil noir (Cornille), et haricots blancs Navy par exemple) et les produits à base de soja, comme le tofu, sont riches en calcium. En outre, environ 36 à 38 pour cent du calcium contenu dans le jus d’orange enrichi en calcium est absorbé (selon les données du fabricant).

 Les légumes à feuilles vertes, les haricots, le lait de soja enrichi en calcium et les purs jus enrichis en calcium sont de bonnes sources de calcium qui possèdent des avantages que n’ont pas les produits laitiers. Ce sont d’excellentes sources d’éléments phytochimiques et d’antioxydants, avec peu de matières grasses, et sans cholestérol ni protéines animales.

### Tableau 1 Teneur en calcium des aliments (en milligrammes)

 | **Source** | **Portion** | **Calcium** |
|---|---|---|
 | Figues sèches | 10 figues | 269 mg |
 | Total céréales, General Mills | 3/4 tasse | 250 mg |
 | Jus d'orange enrichi en calcium\* | 227 g | 250 mg |
 | Collards, congelés, bouillis | 1/2 tasse | 179 mg |
 | Tofu, cru, ferme | 1/2 tasse | 130 mg |
 | Haricots blancs sauce tomate à la végétarienne | 1 tasse | 128 mg |
 | Haricot Great Northern, bouillis | 1 tasse | 120 mg |
 | Kale, bouilli | 1 tasse | 90 mg |
 | Raisins secs golden, sans pépins | 2/3 tasse | 53 mg |
 | Brocolis, bouillis | 1 tasse | 72 mg |
 | Choux de Bruxelles, bouillis | 1 tasse | 46 mg |
 | Pois chiches, en conserve | 1 tasse | 77 mg |
 | Haricots rouges, en conserve | 1 tasse | 69 mg |
 | Source : J.A.T. Pennington, Bowes and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used. (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1998. |
 | \*Information figurant sur l'emballage **Références**   1. Cuatrecasas P, Lockwood DH, Caldwell JR. Lactase deficiency in the adult: a common occurrence. Lancet 1965;1:14-8.    2. Huang SS, Bayless TM. Milk and lactose intolerance in healthy Orientals. Science 1968;160:83-4.    3. Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA. Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:470-5.    4. Newcomer AD, Gordon H, Thomas PJ, McGill DG. Family studies of lactase deficiency in the American Indian. Gastroenterology 1977;73:985-8.    5. Mishkin S. Dairy sensitivity, lactose malabsorption, and elimination diets in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:564-7.    6. Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB. The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1083-5.    7. Hertzler SR, Huynh BCL, Savaiano DA. How much lactose is low lactose? J Am Dietetic Asso 1996;96:243-6.    8. Looker AC, Johnston CC, Wahner HW, et al. Prevalence of low femoreal bone density in older U.S. women from NHANES III. J Bone and Mineral Research 1995;10:796-802.    9. Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL. Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calif Tissue Int 1992;50:14-8.    10. Nordin BEC, Need AG, Morris HA, Horowitz M. The nature and significance of the relationship between urinary sodium and urinary calcium in women. J Nutr 1993;123:1615-22.    11. Hopper JL, Seeman E. The bone density of female twins discordant for tobacco use. N Engl J Med 1994;330:387-92.    12. Pennington JAT. Bowes and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used, 17th ed. New York: Lippincott, 1998.    13. Iacono G, Cavataio F, Montalto G, et al. Intolerance of cow's milk and chronic constipation in children. N Engl J Med 1998;339:110-4.     14. Scott FW. Cow milk and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: is there a relationship? Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:489-91.    15. Karjalainen J, Martin JM, Knip M, et al. A bovine albumin peptide as a possible trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1992;327:302-7.    16. Cramer DW, Harlow BL, Willet WC. Galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to the risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet 1989;2:66-71.    17. Simoons FJ. A geographic approach to senile cataracts: possible links with milk consumption, lactase activity, and galactose metabolism. Digestive Disease and Sciences 1982;27:257-64.    18. Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, et al. Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med 1992;326(18):1173-7.    19. Holick MF. Vitamin D and bone health. J Nutr 1996;126(suppl);1159S-64S.    20. Weaver CM, Plawecki KL. Dietary calcium: adequacy of a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(suppl):1238S-41S.    21. Heaney RP, Weaver CM. Calcium absorption from kale. 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[Vegetarian History Online Library](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-online-library.html) - [Museum of Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-museum.html) - [The Ethics of Diet: Book and Editions](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-williams-index.html) - [Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Monograph](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-shelley-monograph.html) - [The Vegetarian Movement in England: 1847-1981](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html) - [English Vegetarian Movement: Thesis Bibliography](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-bibliography.html) - [Vegetarian Federal Union: 1897 Annual Report](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-vfu-1897-report.html) - [Historical Books on Animal Ethics](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-animals-books.html) - [Religious Vegetarian Books: Historical Library](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-religion-books.html) - [How to Win an Argument with a Meat Eater: Booklet](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-religion-articles-argument.html) - [Historical Books on Vegetarian Science](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-science-library.html) - [Science Council of IVU: Historical Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-science-scivu-index.html)      ###  1990s Regional Congresses and Thailand 1999   - [1999 World Vegetarian Congress: Chiang Mai](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Programme and Abstracts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-program-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Participant Profiles](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-profiles-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-index-old.html) - [1995 European Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-euro95-index.html) - [1997 European Vegetarian Congress: Bussolengo](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-euro97-index.html) - [1997 India and Far East Regional Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-asia97-index.html)      ###  Vegetarian People, Arts and Culture   - [Famous Vegetarians: People Directory](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-people-index.html) - [Vegetarian Actors in Film and Television](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-index.html) - [Vegetarian Actors in Bollywood](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-bollywood.html) - [European Vegetarian Actors](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-europe.html) - [Vegetarian Television Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-tv-index.html) - [Vegetarian Radio Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-radio-index.html) - [Vegetarian Models and Fashion Designers](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-models-index.html) - [Vegetarian Rock and Pop Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-index.html) - [Vegetarian Classical, Jazz, Folk and Country Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-classic.html) - [Vegetarian Punk, Hip-Hop and Reggae Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-punk.html) - [Vegetarian Politicians and Activists](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-politics-index.html) - [Vegetarian Sports Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-sports-index.html) - [Vegetarian Writers, Artists, Poets and Philosophers](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-index.html) - [Vegetarian Religious Leaders and Mystics](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-religious.html) - [Vegetarian Scientists and Physicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-scientists.html) - [Vegetarian Quotations and Poetry](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-quotes-index.html) - [Music and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-music.html) - [Classical Music and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-classical.html) - [Jazz and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-jazz.html) - [Rock and Pop: Bands, Musicians and Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-rock.html) - [Rock and Pop: Historical Directory Version](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-all.html) - [Creative Writing and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-writers-creative.html) - [Creative Writing: Historical Influences Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-influences.html)      ###  2000 Toronto Congress Archive   - [2000 World Vegetarian Congress: Toronto](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-pics-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Host Association Reports](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-tva-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Vegetarian About.com Report](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-vac-index.html)      ###  Vegetarian Societies and IVU History   - [History of Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html) - [History of the International Vegetarian Union](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-ivu-index.html) - [Vegetarian Societies: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-societies-index.html) - [International Vegetarian Meetings Before IVU](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-pre-ivu.html) - [Vegetarian Society UK: Historical Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-vs.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in the United Kingdom](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-united-kingdom.html) - [US Vegetarian Societies: 1837-1908](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-usa.html) - [North American Vegetarian Societies and IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-northam-history.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in Latin America and the Caribbean](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-societies-latin-america.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in Africa](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-africa-history.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in South and West Asia](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-swasia-history.html) - [Indian Vegetarian Societies](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-swasia-india-history.html) - [IVU Fellows: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-members-council-fellows.html)      ###  Vegetarian History: Timelines and Eras   - [Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-timeline-index.html) - [Ancient Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-ancient.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1400-1800](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-pre-1800.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1800-1888](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-19a.html) - [International Vegetarianism: 1889-1907](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1900.html) - [IVU and Vegetarianism: Early 20th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1908.html) - [Vegetarianism in Ancient Greece and Rome](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-greece-rome-index.html) - [Ancient India and Eastern Vegetarian Traditions](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-east-index.html) - [Asia and Pacific Vegetarian History up to 1900](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-east-index2.html) - [Europe: Middle Ages to the 17th Century](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-renaissance-index.html) - [European Vegetarian History: 18th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-europe18.html) - [Food in England Since 1066](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-food-england.html) - [England: Early 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-england19a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe19b-index.html) - [Europe: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20b-index.html) - [North America: 18th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-northam18-index.html) - [USA: 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-usa19-index.html) - [North America: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20a-index.html) - [North America: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20b-index.html)      ###  2008 Dresden Congress Archive   - [2008 World Vegetarian Congress: Dresden](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-texts-index.html) - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index-old.html)      ###  2006 Goa Congress Archive   - [2006 World Vegetarian Congress: Goa](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-texts-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-jdphotos-index.html)      ###  2004 Brazil Congress Archive   - [2004 World Vegetarian Congress: Florianopolis](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Speakers and Food Demonstrators](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-speakers-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Lectures](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-lectures-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Reports and Comments](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-reports-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Cruelty-Free Fashion Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-fashion-index.html) - [2004 Congress: Rio Grande do Sul Tour Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-postcong1-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index-old.html)      ###  Vegan Recipes   - [![Chilean Salad](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/chilean-salad-1791419408_4af0fe896a801f981deb6e044ae8f2ed.jpg "Chilean Salad")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/chilean-salad.html "Chilean Salad")           ####  [Chilean Salad](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/chilean-salad.html "Chilean Salad")            [Chile](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/chile.html) [Raw gourmet](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/raw-gourmet.html) [salads](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/salads.html) [Starters & side dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snack-side-dishes.html) [South America](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/south-america.html) - [![Algerian Cauliflower](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/algerian-cauliflower-1775654613_6c6e1cd4c79f0aade69c95c7bddad3af.jpg "Algerian Cauliflower")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/algerian-cauliflower.html "Algerian Cauliflower")           ####  [Algerian Cauliflower](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/algerian-cauliflower.html "Algerian Cauliflower")            [Algeria](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/algeria.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Starters & side dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snack-side-dishes.html) [Whole Food Plant Based](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/whole-plant-based.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) - [![Virgin-Islands Spiced Salt](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/virgin-islands-spiced-salt-1780596649_bfa2900c9a9f508fa077a0e05f9e9125.jpg "Virgin-Islands Spiced Salt")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/virgin-islands-spiced-salt.html "Virgin-Islands Spiced Salt")           ####  [Virgin-Islands Spiced Salt](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/virgin-islands-spiced-salt.html "Virgin-Islands Spiced Salt")            [Virgin Islands](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/virgin-islands.html) [Sauces](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/sauces.html) [Caribbean](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/caribbean.html)       ###  VFA Blog   - [![Unlocking the Vegan Pantry: Most Desired Traits in Plant-Based Products](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/pizza1_be669cd906df7491abb6081ca5ac6a34.jpg "Unlocking the Vegan Pantry: Most Desired Traits in Plant-Based Products")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/unlocking-the-vegan-pantry-most-desired-traits-in-plant-based-products.html "Unlocking the Vegan Pantry: Most Desired Traits in Plant-Based Products")           ####  [Unlocking the Vegan Pantry: Most Desired Traits in Plant-Based Products](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/unlocking-the-vegan-pantry-most-desired-traits-in-plant-based-products.html "Unlocking the Vegan Pantry: Most Desired Traits in Plant-Based Products")                - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/unlocking-the-vegan-pantry-most-desired-traits-in-plant-based-products.html)       ###  Science   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html)     [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html)     [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html)     [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular            ###  History     [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg)    Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating")       [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg)    Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation")       [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg)    Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference")                              ###  2002 Edinburgh Congress Archive   - [2002 World Vegetarian Congress: Edinburgh](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-program-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Talks and Recipes](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-texts-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-photos-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Jeff's Journal](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-journal-index.html) - [2002 Congress: Edinburgh and Scotland Travel Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-scotland-index.html)      - <a href="">Archives by Language </a>     - [Chinese People Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese People Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-gb.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-gb.html)     - [French Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-people-index.html)     - [French IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-news-magazine.html)     - [French 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-congress-2008-index.html)     - [German IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-news-magazine.html)     - [German 2008 Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-index-old.html)     - [German Illustrated IVU Congress History](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html)     - [German 2008 Dresden Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-program.html)     - [Italian Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-people-index.html)     - [Italian IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-news-magazine.html)     - [Italian 1997 European Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-euro97-index.html)     - [Italian 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Italian 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Portuguese 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-portuguese-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Spanish Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-people-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-program-program.html)     - [Spanish 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-2008-index.html)        ###  Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)     [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular               7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html)     [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular               7319 downloads - 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[ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html)     [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular               4558 downloads            ###  Nutrition   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html)     [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular               603 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html)     [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular               2782 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html)     [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular               3834 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html)     [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular               4052 downloads                                ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults  In 2 versions:  - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html)    [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html)         ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents  The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet    [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)                 Vegan Nutrition            ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png)               ### Presidents, Chair and Council  - [IVU President and Chair of the International Council](https://ivu.org/ivu-chair.html) - [IVU Honorary President](https://ivu.org/ivu-honorary-president.html) - 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