--- title: "BSE - A Doença da Vaca Louca - IVU - International Vegetarian Union" description: "BSE - A Doença da Vaca Louca: BSE - A Doença da Vaca Louca Folheto Informativo From the The Vegetarian Society UK A encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (TSE) ocorre em muitas espécies diferentes e é invariavelmente fatal. Não é passível de" url: "https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=6415:portuguese-trans-vsuk-bse&catid=451" date: "2026-11-06T00:01:46+00:00" language: "en-GB" --- # BSE - A Doença da Vaca Louca ![BSE - A Doença da Vaca Louca](https://ivu.org/images/legacy/history/banners/portuguese-trans-vsuk-bse.png) | **BSE - A Doença da Vaca Louca** Folheto Informativo From the **[The Vegetarian Society UK ](http://www.vegsoc.org/)** A encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (TSE) ocorre em muitas espécies diferentes e é invariavelmente fatal. Não é passível de tratamento e é de difícil diagnóstico. Muitas vezes não é possível dizer-se se um indivíduo está infectado até que os sintomas finais comecem a manifestar-se. A Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) é um tipo de encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível que ocorre em seres humanos. Nas [ovelhas](http://www.vegsoc.org/Info/sheep.html), a doença é chamada *scrapie* e está presente há mais de 200 anos na Grã Bretanha e outros países. A doença da vaca louca ou Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina (BSE) é a forma da doença que ataca o [gado](http://www.vegsoc.org/Info/cattle.html). Os primeiros casos confirmados de BSE foram detectados em 1986. Em outubro de 1994, mais de 137.000 cabeças de gado morreram da doença na Grã Bretanha e muitas outras devem ter sido abatidas para consumo humano antes de apresentarem os sintomas clínicos. No momento, cerca de 400 a 700 reses são diagnosticadas por semana com BSE. Em junho de 1994, mais de 51% das fazendas produtoras de lacticínios da Grã Bretanha estava afetada pela BSE. --- ### CJD Quando a BSE é transmitida ao homem, adquire as características da CJD. A maioria das pessoas com CJD tem entre 50 e 70 anos de idade. A doença é rara em pessoas com menos de 35 anos, a menos que provocada por procedimentos médicos como infecção por hormônio de crescimento contaminado, transplante ou equipamento cirúrgico. Não há tratamento, e a doença é sempre fatal. A CJD caracteriza-se por infecção generalizada do cérebro decorrente da multiplicação da infecção em outras partes do organismo. Não se sabe como desenvolve-se a infecção. O agente causador da CJD não é uma bactéria ou um vírus comum. Há evidências de que o agente infeccioso seja uma proteína anormal, chamada prion, que interage com material genético do hospedeiro (DNA) produzindo mais proteína, cujo acúmulo anormal provoca a doença. Alguns casos de CJD podem dever-se a procedimentos médicos que introduzem material infectado. Nestes casos, a doença pode ocorrer na adolescência ou na juventude, tendo um período de incubação mais curto (o tempo entre a infecção e o aparecimento dos sintomas) de aproximadamente 4 a 10 anos. Quando procedimentos médicos não são os responsáveis, a doença ocorre principalmente na meia-idade, sugerindo um período de incubação mais longo. A origem da infecção CJD nestes casos é desconhecida. Há pouca evidência de que a CJD seja provocada por *scrapie* de ovelhas e não se conhecem casos de TSE natural em [porcos](http://www.vegsoc.org/Info/pigs.html) ou [frangos](http://www.vegsoc.org/Info/broiler.html). As vacas são normalmente abatidas e consumidas com mais idade do que outros animais de criação, e são ingeridas em maior quantidade em hambúrgueres, salsichas, sopas etc. Possivelmente a BSE está presente no gado a um nível sub-clínico e é responsável pelo desenvolvimento da CJD. --- ### BSE O primeiro caso confirmado de BSE surgiu em novembro de 1986, embora haja evidência de casos anteriores em 1985. O período de incubação da BSE é longo e deve ter havido um acúmulo substancial de infecção em vacas antes de 1986. No final de 1987, 420 casos de BSE foram confirmados em fazendas por toda a Inglaterra. As provas começavam a sugerir que o concentrado alimentar era responsável pela transmissão da TSE ao gado. A política adotada pelo governo foi afirmar que a alimentação era o único problema e que era a *scrapie* das ovelhas que estava sendo transmitida ao gado bovino. Este argumento permitia ao governo afirmar que ao mudar-se a forma de alimentação a doença seria erradicada e como tratava-se de *scrapie* de ovinos, não havia riscos para a saúde humana. Em julho de 1988, um decreto oficial sobre alimentação de ruminantes foi expedido proibindo que o gado (e também ovelhas e cervos) fosse alimentado com proteína derivada de animais. Anteriormente a este decreto de proibição, em maio de 1988, foi formado um comitê governamental (presidido por Sir Richard Southward) para examinar as implicações da BSE para a saúde animal e humana. Seguindo suas recomendações, o gado evidentemente afetado com BSE foi abatido e suas carcaças enterradas ou incineradas. Os fazendeiros receberam 50% do valor de mercado como ressarcimento. O Relatório Southwood completo não foi publicado senão em fevereiro de 1989. Segundo este relatório, o número total de casos de BSE era da ordem de 17.000 a 20,000, com um máximo de 350-400 casos mensais; a doença extinguia-se no gado e este seria um hospedeiro final da doença. Durante 1989, a quantidade de gado afetado por BSE continuou a aumentar. O número total de casos confirmados em 1989 foi superior a 7.136. O Comitê Tyrell de especialistas foi formado a pedido do Comitê Southwood. Em junho, ele recomendou que os dados de pessoas afetadas pela CJD fossem monitorados pelos próximos 20 anos. Em novembro de 1989, o governo proibiu o uso de certos órgãos bovinos de entrar na cadeia alimentar, quais sejam, cérebro, cordão espinhal, timo, baço, amígdalas e intestinos. Foram selecionados com base na afirmação não comprovada de que o agente infeccioso não estaria presente em outros órgãos ou tecidos. Tratavam-se também de partes de baixo valor comercial. O decreto excluiu animais com menos de seis meses de idade sob a alegação de que não teriam sido alimentados com ração infectada. Entretanto, há falhas neste decreto. Primeiro, é difícil remover os órgãos especificados sem que haja qualquer contaminação dos demais órgãos. O uso de serras mecânicas para cortar as carcaças pode provocar infecção do cérebro e do cordão espinhal que se espalha amplamente. Segundo, o alcance das vísceras não é abrangente. Experimentos em outros TSEs mostraram que a infecciosidade está presente em uma ampla gama de tecidos e órgãos. Por exemplo, o scrapie em ovinos está presente nos tecidos do fígado, dos rins e dos ossos. É bem provável que a infecciosidade da BSE esteja presente nos músculos, no sangue e nos nervos periféricos. Em 1990, o número de casos de BSE continuou a crescer. O total do ano foi superior a 14.000. A previsão do Comitê Southwood de um número total de 17.000-20.000 foi claramente imprecisa. O BSE tornou-se uma doença perceptível e o ressarcimento passou a ser feito em cem por cento do valor para casos confirmados. Em março de 1991, o governo notificou a incidência do primeiro caso de suspeita de transmissão vertical, em um animal nascido quatro meses depois do decreto de proibição. A transmissão vertical da mãe para o bezerro sugere que a infecciosidade está no sangue. Se for assim, a infecciosidade não pode ser confinada a certas vísceras específicas e provavelmente se espalhará por todo o animal infectado. Além disso, esta transmissão indicou que uma vaca infectada não é uma hospedeira final. O rápido crescimento do número de casos de BSE foi atribuído à reciclagem de órgãos infectados de gado na ração. Entretanto, não havia dados para sustentar esta afirmação, que parte do princípio de que 7 casos de BSE, em 1986, foram de algum modo responsáveis por 20.000 casos em 1991. Em 1992, os números continuaram a crescer. Significativamente, a proporção afetada de gado com 3 anos de idade também aumentou. Isto sugere transmissão entre animais ao invés de pela ração e que a doença é endêmica e mantida por transmissão vertical e horizontal. 1992 também viu uma mudança na notificação de casos suspeitos, os procedimentos tendo se tornado mais estrênuos. Isto efetivamente produziu uma queda nos incidentes notificados de gado nascido depois do decreto de proibição. A BSE foi transmitida a várias outras espécies. Por volta de 1992, estas incluíam gatos domésticos, pumas, guepardos, avestruzes e antílopes. Estes animais contraíram a infecção originalmente da alimentação. 14 antílopes no Zoológico de Londres foram confirmados com a doença. Em apenas um destes considerou-se ser a alimentação a responsável. Nos outros 13, considerou-se ter havido transmissão vertical ou horizontal. O número de cabeças de gado com BSE nascidas após o decreto continuou a aumentar. Isto foi atribuído às reservas de alimento contaminado dos fazendeiros e seu uso contínuo por pelo menos seis meses após o decreto de proibição ser proclamado. Em março de 1994, o governo admitiu que mais de 8.000 reses nascidas depois do decreto de proibição estavam infectadas. Em 1993, dois fazendeiros de fazendas de lacticínios com rebanhos afetados pela BSE morreram de CJD. Uma garota adolescente sem história familiar da doença e nenhuma fonte médica de infecção possível desenvolveu CJD, confirmada por biópsia. Novas provas de transmissão vertical foram encontradas no próprio rebanho experimental do governo. Em 1988/89, 316 bezerros de vacas com BSE foram cuidadosamente criados em condições protegidas contra possível exposição à alimentação infectada. Em março de 1994, foi notificado que 19 destes bezerros contraíram BSE. Há grande quantidade de provas em suporte da transmissão vertical. Mais de 12.000 cabeças de gado com BSE nasceram após o decreto de proibição, mais de 600 destes foram animais criados em regime de confinamento protegidos contra a BSE. A idade mais frequente de morte de um animal por BSE é de 4 anos. Isto sugere transferência vertical e não por uma fonte alimentar. Histórias de casos individuais suportam a transmissão vertical. A implicação mais importante da transferência vertical é que para ela ocorrer os agentes infecciosos precisam estar contidos no sangue. Novas pesquisas mostraram que o agente infeccioso de scrapie em ovelhas não provocava BSE em vacas. Sintomas de doença desenvolviam-se, mas não os da BSE. Isto sugere fortemente que a BSE não originou-se da scrapie. Se BSE não é scrapie, então o argumento do governo de que a scrapie nunca infectou seres humanos e, portanto, a BSE também não irá infectar não é válido. --- ### CARNE DE GADO Como o risco de BSE, há outros riscos ligados ao consumo de carne de gado. Ela é rica em gordura, sobretudo [gordura saturada](http://www.vegsoc.org/Info/fats.html). Salsichas, hambúrgueres e outras carnes processadas são especialmente ricas em gordura. Mesmo após retirar-se a gordura visível, ela ainda está presente nos tecidos da carne. Esta é chamada gordura estrutural e sua quantidade exata depende da forma como o animal foi alimentado e criado. Cerca de 25% do total da gordura na carne é de gordura estrutural. O consumo de gordura, sobretudo de gordura saturada, está intimamente ligado a várias doenças crônicas inclusive as [doenças cardiovasculares](http://www.vegsoc.org/Research/heart.html). A intoxicação alimentar provocada por produtos da carne também é um alto risco. De particular importância é a verocitotoxina E.Coli, que pode provocar falência dos rins e ser fatal. A incidência da verocitotoxina E.Coli está aumentando e tem havido uma explosão de casos ligados a hambúrgueres. - [It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Maff World](http://www.vegsoc.org/Campaign/madmaff.html) *Mad Cows and the Government* - [Mad Cows put me off Meat for Life](http://www.vegsoc.org/Campaign/lacey.html) *by Professor Lacey* - [Mad Cow Disease](http://www.vegsoc.org/HQdata/madcow.html) *Review of Richard Lacey's book on the subject* - [The Watergate of the Meat Industry](http://www.vegsoc.org/Campaign/bse.html) *VegSocUK Press Release* - [Cattle](http://www.vegsoc.org/Info/cattle.html) *Information Sheet* - [The Milk of Human Kindness](http://www.vegsoc.org/Campaign/calfmilk.html) *further details of the veal calf trade* --- Tradução: Marly Winckler | A note on this archive. The history section of this website is drawn from a body of legacy content originally compiled by John Davis, former manager of the International Vegetarian Union. It represents his curation of historical material, and in places includes passages written by him directly. Over the years, the IVU website has migrated between several different hosting servers. In the course of these migrations, a number of PDF files were unfortunately lost, and **some links to PDF documents may no longer function**. Where this is the case, we have chosen to leave the original link text in place, as it may itself carry information of historical value. - Hits: 1068 ### 1957 World Vegetarian Congress - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-index.html) - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress: Souvenir Book](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-souvenir-index.html) - [History of IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html) ### Vegetarian Congresses: Main Archive - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [1847 England Physiological and Vegetarian Conference](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1847-index.html) - [1850 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1850-index.html) - [1890 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1890-index.html) - [1893 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1893-index.html) - [1897 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1897-index.html) - [1900 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1900-index.html) - [1908 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc08-index.html) - [1909 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc09-index.html) - [1910 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc10-index.html) - [1926 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc26-index.html) - [1932 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc32-index.html) - [1935 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc35-index.html) - [1938 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc38-index.html) - [1947 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc47-index.html) - [1949 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1949na-index.html) - 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[Vegetarian History Online Library](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-online-library.html) - [Museum of Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-museum.html) - [The Ethics of Diet: Book and Editions](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-williams-index.html) - [Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Monograph](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-shelley-monograph.html) - [The Vegetarian Movement in England: 1847-1981](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-index.html) - [English Vegetarian Movement: Thesis Bibliography](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-thesis-bibliography.html) - [Vegetarian Federal Union: 1897 Annual Report](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-history-vfu-1897-report.html) - [Historical Books on Animal Ethics](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-animals-books.html) - [Religious Vegetarian Books: Historical Library](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-religion-books.html) - [How to Win an Argument with a Meat Eater: Booklet](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-religion-articles-argument.html) - [Historical Books on Vegetarian Science](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-science-library.html) - [Science Council of IVU: Historical Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-science-scivu-index.html) ### 1990s Regional Congresses and Thailand 1999 - [1999 World Vegetarian Congress: Chiang Mai](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Programme and Abstracts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-program-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Participant Profiles](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-profiles-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-index-old.html) - [1995 European Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-euro95-index.html) - [1997 European Vegetarian Congress: Bussolengo](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-euro97-index.html) - [1997 India and Far East Regional Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-asia97-index.html) ### Vegetarian People, Arts and Culture - [Famous Vegetarians: People Directory](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-people-index.html) - [Vegetarian Actors in Film and Television](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-index.html) - [Vegetarian Actors in Bollywood](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-bollywood.html) - [European Vegetarian Actors](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-europe.html) - [Vegetarian Television Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-tv-index.html) - [Vegetarian Radio Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-radio-index.html) - [Vegetarian Models and Fashion Designers](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-models-index.html) - [Vegetarian Rock and Pop Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-index.html) - [Vegetarian Classical, Jazz, Folk and Country Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-classic.html) - [Vegetarian Punk, Hip-Hop and Reggae Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-punk.html) - [Vegetarian Politicians and Activists](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-politics-index.html) - [Vegetarian Sports Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-sports-index.html) - [Vegetarian Writers, Artists, Poets and Philosophers](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-index.html) - [Vegetarian Religious Leaders and Mystics](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-religious.html) - [Vegetarian Scientists and Physicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-scientists.html) - [Vegetarian Quotations and Poetry](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-quotes-index.html) - [Music and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-music.html) - [Classical Music and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-classical.html) - [Jazz and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-jazz.html) - [Rock and Pop: Bands, Musicians and Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-rock.html) - [Rock and Pop: Historical Directory Version](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-all.html) - [Creative Writing and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-writers-creative.html) - [Creative Writing: Historical Influences Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-influences.html) ### 2000 Toronto Congress Archive - [2000 World Vegetarian Congress: Toronto](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-pics-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Host Association Reports](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-tva-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Vegetarian About.com Report](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-vac-index.html) ### Vegetarian Societies and IVU History - [History of Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html) - [History of the International Vegetarian Union](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-ivu-index.html) - [Vegetarian Societies: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-societies-index.html) - [International Vegetarian Meetings Before IVU](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-pre-ivu.html) - [Vegetarian Society UK: Historical Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-vs.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in the United Kingdom](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-united-kingdom.html) - [US Vegetarian Societies: 1837-1908](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-usa.html) - [North American Vegetarian Societies and IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-northam-history.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in Latin America and the Caribbean](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-societies-latin-america.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in Africa](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-africa-history.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in South and West Asia](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-swasia-history.html) - [Indian Vegetarian Societies](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-swasia-india-history.html) - [IVU Fellows: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-members-council-fellows.html) ### Vegetarian History: Timelines and Eras - [Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-timeline-index.html) - [Ancient Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-ancient.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1400-1800](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-pre-1800.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1800-1888](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-19a.html) - [International Vegetarianism: 1889-1907](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1900.html) - [IVU and Vegetarianism: Early 20th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1908.html) - [Vegetarianism in Ancient Greece and Rome](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-greece-rome-index.html) - [Ancient India and Eastern Vegetarian Traditions](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-east-index.html) - [Asia and Pacific Vegetarian History up to 1900](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-east-index2.html) - [Europe: Middle Ages to the 17th Century](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-renaissance-index.html) - [European Vegetarian History: 18th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-europe18.html) - [Food in England Since 1066](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-food-england.html) - [England: Early 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-england19a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe19b-index.html) - [Europe: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20b-index.html) - [North America: 18th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-northam18-index.html) - [USA: 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-usa19-index.html) - [North America: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20a-index.html) - [North America: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20b-index.html) ### 2008 Dresden Congress Archive - [2008 World Vegetarian Congress: Dresden](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-texts-index.html) - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index-old.html) ### 2006 Goa Congress Archive - [2006 World Vegetarian Congress: Goa](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-texts-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-jdphotos-index.html) ### 2004 Brazil Congress Archive - [2004 World Vegetarian Congress: Florianopolis](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Speakers and Food Demonstrators](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-speakers-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Lectures](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-lectures-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Reports and Comments](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-reports-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Cruelty-Free Fashion Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-fashion-index.html) - [2004 Congress: Rio Grande do Sul Tour Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-postcong1-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index-old.html) ### Vegan Recipes - [![Liberian Black-Eyed Pea Soup](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/liberian-black-eyed-pea-soup-1776468043_dfefa4a185644c7780c23acb887305c3.jpg "Liberian Black-Eyed Pea Soup")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/liberian-black-eyed-pea-soup.html "Liberian Black-Eyed Pea Soup") #### [Liberian Black-Eyed Pea Soup](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/liberian-black-eyed-pea-soup.html "Liberian Black-Eyed Pea Soup") [Protein Rich](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/proteiin-rich.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Liberia](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/liberia.html) [Soups](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/soup.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) - [![VEGAN SIMMERED KING OYSTER MUSHROOMS AND TOFU WITH SEASAME](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th11%2017_ff3715c9a8fa4e775cda88e37a1bd2a3.jpg "VEGAN SIMMERED KING OYSTER MUSHROOMS AND TOFU WITH SEASAME")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-simmered-king-oyster-mushrooms-and-tofu-with-seasame.html "VEGAN SIMMERED KING OYSTER MUSHROOMS AND TOFU WITH SEASAME") #### [VEGAN SIMMERED KING OYSTER MUSHROOMS AND TOFU WITH SEASAME](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-simmered-king-oyster-mushrooms-and-tofu-with-seasame.html "VEGAN SIMMERED KING OYSTER MUSHROOMS AND TOFU WITH SEASAME") [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) [Stir Fry](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/fake-meats-tofu-etc-2.html) - [![VEGAN SIMMERED TOFU AND MUSHROOMS WITH TOMATO SAUCE](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th10%20201_df54e9341b19f9380e8779673d90fd60.jpg "VEGAN SIMMERED TOFU AND MUSHROOMS WITH TOMATO SAUCE")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-simmered-tofu-and-mushrooms-with-tomato-sauce.html "VEGAN SIMMERED TOFU AND MUSHROOMS WITH TOMATO SAUCE") #### [VEGAN SIMMERED TOFU AND MUSHROOMS WITH TOMATO SAUCE](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-simmered-tofu-and-mushrooms-with-tomato-sauce.html "VEGAN SIMMERED TOFU AND MUSHROOMS WITH TOMATO SAUCE") [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) [Stir Fry](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/fake-meats-tofu-etc-2.html) ### VFA Blog - [![Tofu: The Amazing Superfood That Will Change Your Vegan Diet Forever!](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/tofu_block_c93b133c438b51e4c2e14c5e8c30c315.jpg "Tofu: The Amazing Superfood That Will Change Your Vegan Diet Forever!")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/tofu-the-amazing-superfood-that-will-change-your-vegan-diet-forever.html "Tofu: The Amazing Superfood That Will Change Your Vegan Diet Forever!") #### [Tofu: The Amazing Superfood That Will Change Your Vegan Diet Forever!](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/tofu-the-amazing-superfood-that-will-change-your-vegan-diet-forever.html "Tofu: The Amazing Superfood That Will Change Your Vegan Diet Forever!") - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/tofu-the-amazing-superfood-that-will-change-your-vegan-diet-forever.html) ### Science - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular ### History [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg) Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating") [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg) Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation") [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg) Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference") ### 2002 Edinburgh Congress Archive - [2002 World Vegetarian Congress: Edinburgh](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-program-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Talks and Recipes](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-texts-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-photos-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Jeff's Journal](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-journal-index.html) - [2002 Congress: Edinburgh and Scotland Travel Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-scotland-index.html) - Archives by Language - [Chinese People Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-big5.html) - [Chinese Writers Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-big5.html) - [Chinese People Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-gb.html) - [Chinese Writers Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-gb.html) - [French Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-people-index.html) - [French IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-news-magazine.html) - [French 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-congress-2008-index.html) - [German IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-news-magazine.html) - [German 2008 Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-index-old.html) - [German Illustrated IVU Congress History](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [German 2008 Dresden Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-program.html) - [Italian Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-people-index.html) - [Italian IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-news-magazine.html) - [Italian 1997 European Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-euro97-index.html) - [Italian 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-thai99-index.html) - [Italian 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-2008-index.html) - [Portuguese 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-portuguese-congress-2008-index.html) - [Spanish Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-people-index.html) - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-index.html) - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-program-program.html) - [Spanish 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-2008-index.html) ### Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular 7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular 7319 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) [ Nutrition Guide for Students (with Khmer Translation)](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) Popular 6052 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) [ ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン栄養ガイド](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) Popular 5524 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) [ BROȘURA DE NUTRIȚIE VEGETARIANĂ - Romanian](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) Popular 5040 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular 4558 downloads ### Nutrition - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular 603 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular 2782 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular 3834 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular 4052 downloads ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults In 2 versions: - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html) [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html) ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Vegan Nutrition ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png) ### Presidents, Chair and Council - 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