--- title: "A vitamina B12 na dieta vegan - IVU - International Vegetarian Union" description: "A vitamina B12 na dieta vegan: (nutricionista) Vegetarian Resource Group Tópicos deste artigo: Sumário A necessidade de vitamina B12 Possíveis fontes de vitamina B12 Boas fontes vegan de vitamina B12 Notas bibliográficas Extraído do livro Simply Vegan: Quick" url: "https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=6412:portuguese-trans-vrg-b12&catid=451" date: "2026-11-05T23:53:08+00:00" language: "en-GB" --- # A vitamina B12 na dieta vegan ![A vitamina B12 na dieta vegan](https://ivu.org/images/legacy/history/banners/portuguese-trans-vrg-b12.png) | **A vitamina B12 na dieta vegan** Reed Mangels, Ph.D, R.D. (nutricionista) **[Vegetarian Resource Group](http://www.vrg.org/)** **Tópicos deste artigo:**Sumário A necessidade de vitamina B12 Possíveis fontes de vitamina B12 Boas fontes vegan de vitamina B12 Notas bibliográficas Extraído do livro *Simply Vegan: Quick Vegetarian Meals*, de Debra Wasserman. Seção sobre nutrição de Reed Mangels Ph.D., R.D. (ISBN 0-931411-20-3) **Sumário** A necessidade de vitamina B12 é muito pequena. As fontes não-animais incluem cereais da marca Grape-Nuts (um pouco mais de meia xícara atende à dose diária recomendada, ou DDR, de um adulto), Red Star Vegetarian Support Formula ou levedura nutritiva T-6635+ (um pouco menos de uma colher de sopa atende à DDR de um adulto) e leite de soja fortificado com vitamina B12. Para mulheres grávidas e que estejam amamentando, bebês e crianças, são especialmente importantes boas fontes de vitamina B12 na dieta. **A necessidade de vitamina B12** A vitamina B12 é necessária na divisão celular e na formação do sangue. Alimentos vegetais não contêm vitamina B12, exceto quando contaminados por microorganismos. Assim, os vegans precisam procurar outras fontes de vitamina B12 em sua dieta. Embora a necessidade mínima de vitamina B12 seja bem pequena, de um milionésimo de grama (1 micrograma) por dia para adultos \[1\], a deficiência de vitamina B12 é um problema muito sério que acaba causando danos irreversíveis aos nervos. Vegans prudentes incluem fontes de vitamina B12 em suas dietas. No entanto, a deficiência de vitamina B12 é na verdade bastante rara, mesmo em pessoas que são vegans há muito tempo. Normalmente a vitamina B12 é secretada no intestino delgado junto com a bile e outras secreções e reabsorvida, mas isso não aumenta o estoque de vitamina B12 do organismo. Já que pequena quantidade da vitamina não é reabsorvida, é possível que o estoque de vitamina B12 acabe se esgotando. No entanto, devemos ser bastante eficientes na reutilização da vitamina B12, pois esta deficiência é rara. As bactérias do trato intestinal humano fabricam vitamina B12. A maioria dessas bactérias está no intestino grosso. Aparentemente a vitamina B12 não é absorvida no intestino grosso \[1\]. **Possíveis fontes de vitamina B12** Algumas bactérias do intestino delgado produzem vitamina B12 \[12\]. A quantidade de vitamina B12 produzida não parece ser adequada para impedir a deficiência da vitamina \[3\]. Embora alguns vegans possam conseguir vitamina B12 por não lavarem as mãos direito, esta não é uma boa fonte. Os vegans que comiam anteriormente alimentos de origem animal podem ter estoques de vitamina B12 capazes de durar 20 ou 30 anos \[1\] ou mais. Mas pessoas que são vegans há muito tempo, bebês, crianças e mulheres grávidas ou em lactação (por causa do maior consumo) devem tomar cuidado especial para conseguir vitamina B12 em quantidade suficiente. **Boas fontes vegans de vitamina B12** Conhecem-se algumas boas fontes vegans de vitamina B12. A marca norte-americana de levedura nutritiva Red Star T-6635+ foi testada e comprovou-se que contém vitamina B12 ativa. Nos Estados Unidos encontra-se muitas vezes esta marca de levedura rotulada como Vegetarian Support Formula, com ou sem T-6635+ entre parênteses depois do novo nome. É uma fonte confiável de vitamina B12. A levedura nutritiva, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, é um fermento alimentar cultivado em solução de melado, vendido na forma de flocos ou pó amarelo. Seu sabor lembra o do queijo. A levedura nutritiva é diferente do levedo de cerveja e da levedura seca ou torula. Pode muitas vezes ser usado por pessoas sensíveis a outros levedos ou fermentos. A DDR de vitamina B12 para adultos (que inclui um fator de segurança) é de 2,4 microgramas por dia \[4\]. Um pouco menos de uma colher de sopa da levedura nutritiva Vegetarian Support Formula (Red Star T-6635+) fornece 2,4 microgramas de vitamina B12. Várias receitas deste livro usam levedura nutritiva. Outra fonte de vitamina B12 são os cereais fortificados. Por exemplo, a marca norte-americana Grape-Nuts contém vitamina B12, e um pouquinho mais de meia xícara de Grape-Nuts ou 1 xícara e 1/3 de Flocos Grape-Nuts fornecem 2,4 microgramas de vitamina B12. Recomendamos verificar o rótulo de sua marca predileta de cereal, já que é sabido que muitos fabricantes pararam de adicionar B12. Outras fontes de vitamina B12 são o leite de soja fortificado com B12, sucedâneos da carne fortificados com B12 (alimentos feitos de glúten de trigo ou de soja para simular carne, frango ou peixe) e suplementos de vitamina B12. Há suplementos vitamínicos que não contêm produtos animais. Os vegans que preferirem usar um suplemento de vitamina B12, isolado ou junto a outras vitaminas, deveriam usá-lo pelo menos várias vezes por semana. Mesmo que um suplemento contenha muito mais que o nível recomendado de vitamina B12, quando se ingere muita vitamina B12 parece que a absorção é reduzida. Isso significa que, para atender à sua necessidade, você deve tomar a vitamina várias vezes por semana. Cita-se muitas vezes que o tempê, o misso e as algas contêm grande quantidade de vitamina B12. Mas esses produtos não são fontes confiáveis porque a quantidade de vitamina B12 presente depende do tipo de processamento sofrido pelo alimento \[1, 5\]. O método padrão de medir a vitamina B12 em alimentos avalia a forma ativa e a inativa da vitamina. A forma inativa (também chamada de "análogos") na verdade interfere com a absorção e o metabolismo normais da vitamina B12. Alimentos fermentados e algas marinhas podem conter mais vitamina B12 inativa do que ativa. Aparentemente, encontra-se alguma vitamina B12 em vegetais cultivados organicamene, mas em quantidade muito pequena. Segundo um estudo \[7, 8\], seria necessário comer mais de 23 xícaras de espinafre cultivado organicamente para atender à DDR de vitamina B12 para um adulto. Não se pode depender do produto como fonte confiável de vitamina B12 porque o nível da vitamina nas plantas varia muito, dependendo do tipo de planta e do solo onde é cultivada. Além disso, pode haver análogos da vitamina B12 no solo que serão absorvidos pelas plantas. Se estes análogos estiverem presentes, poderão interferir com a incorporação de vitamina B12 pela planta ou com a utilidade da vitamina B12 da planta para seres humanos. **Notas bibliográficas** 1\. Herbert V. Vitamin B12: Plant sources, requirements, and assay. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48: 852-858. 2\. Albert MJ, Mathan VI, Baker SJ. Vitamin B12 synthesis by human small intestinal bacteria. Nature 1980; 283: 781-782. 3\. Callender ST, Spray GH. Latent pernicious anemia. Br J Haematol 1962; 8: 230-240. 4\. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board: Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Folate, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998. 5\. Specker BL, Miller D, Norman EJ, et al. Increased urinary methylmalonic acid excretion in breast-fed infants of vegetarian mothers and identification of an acceptable dietary source of vitamin B12. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 47: 89-92. 6\. Kondo H, Binder MJ, Kohhouse JF, et al. Presence and formation of cobalamin analogues in multivitamin-mineral pills. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 889-898. 7\. Mozafar A. Is there vitamin B12 in plants or not? A plant nutritionist's view. Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal 1997; 1/2: 50-52. 8\. Mozafar A. Enrichment of some B-vitamin in plants with application of organic fertilizers. Plant and Soil 1994; 167: 305-11. Este artigo foi originalmente publicado no livro Simply Vegan: Quick Vegetarian Meals (Simplesmente vegan: refeições rápidas vegetarianas), de Debra Wasserman. Seção sobre nutrição de autoria de Reed Mangels Ph.D., R.D. (ISBN 0-931411-20-3) --- Tradução: Beatriz Medina | A note on this archive. The history section of this website is drawn from a body of legacy content originally compiled by John Davis, former manager of the International Vegetarian Union. It represents his curation of historical material, and in places includes passages written by him directly. Over the years, the IVU website has migrated between several different hosting servers. In the course of these migrations, a number of PDF files were unfortunately lost, and **some links to PDF documents may no longer function**. Where this is the case, we have chosen to leave the original link text in place, as it may itself carry information of historical value. - Hits: 1230 ### 1957 World Vegetarian Congress - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-index.html) - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress: Souvenir Book](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-souvenir-index.html) - [History of IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html) ### Vegetarian Congresses: Main Archive - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [1847 England Physiological and Vegetarian Conference](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1847-index.html) - [1850 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1850-index.html) - [1890 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1890-index.html) - [1893 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1893-index.html) - 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[Indian Vegetarian Societies](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-swasia-india-history.html) - [IVU Fellows: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-members-council-fellows.html) ### Vegetarian History: Timelines and Eras - [Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-timeline-index.html) - [Ancient Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-ancient.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1400-1800](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-pre-1800.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1800-1888](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-19a.html) - [International Vegetarianism: 1889-1907](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1900.html) - [IVU and Vegetarianism: Early 20th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1908.html) - [Vegetarianism in Ancient Greece and Rome](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-greece-rome-index.html) - [Ancient India and Eastern Vegetarian Traditions](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-east-index.html) - [Asia and Pacific Vegetarian History up to 1900](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-east-index2.html) - [Europe: Middle Ages to the 17th Century](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-renaissance-index.html) - [European Vegetarian History: 18th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-europe18.html) - [Food in England Since 1066](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-food-england.html) - [England: Early 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-england19a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe19b-index.html) - [Europe: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20b-index.html) - [North America: 18th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-northam18-index.html) - [USA: 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-usa19-index.html) - [North America: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20a-index.html) - [North America: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20b-index.html) ### 2008 Dresden Congress Archive - [2008 World Vegetarian Congress: Dresden](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-texts-index.html) - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index-old.html) ### 2006 Goa Congress Archive - [2006 World Vegetarian Congress: Goa](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-texts-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-jdphotos-index.html) ### 2004 Brazil Congress Archive - [2004 World Vegetarian Congress: Florianopolis](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Speakers and Food Demonstrators](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-speakers-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Lectures](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-lectures-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Reports and Comments](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-reports-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Cruelty-Free Fashion Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-fashion-index.html) - [2004 Congress: Rio Grande do Sul Tour Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-postcong1-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index-old.html) ### Vegan Recipes - [![VEGAN TOFU PASTE NOODLES](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th11%2099_6de1f73f973b373e4ff5a17538a9f57b.jpg "VEGAN TOFU PASTE NOODLES")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-tofu-paste-noodles.html "VEGAN TOFU PASTE NOODLES") #### [VEGAN TOFU PASTE NOODLES](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-tofu-paste-noodles.html "VEGAN TOFU PASTE NOODLES") [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Fake Meats (Tofu etc)](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/fake-meats-tofu-etc.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Noodles](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/noodles.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) - [![Patacones (fried Plantain)](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/patacones--fried-plantain--1793673543_fbb13fd8b88b14c304b53cfed6d6756b.jpg "Patacones (fried Plantain)")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/patacones-fried-plantain.html "Patacones (fried Plantain)") #### [Patacones (fried Plantain)](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/patacones-fried-plantain.html "Patacones (fried Plantain)") [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Colombia](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/colombia.html) [Snacks](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snacks.html) [Starters & side dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snack-side-dishes.html) [South America](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/south-america.html) - [![Grumichama or Brazil Cherry Ice Blocks](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/grumichama-or-brazil-cherry-ice-blocks-1792865935_5b96dcbc2027c0e5aae4e65cf3bdeaf6.jpg "Grumichama or Brazil Cherry Ice Blocks")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/grumichama-or-brazil-cherry-ice-blocks.html "Grumichama or Brazil Cherry Ice Blocks") #### [Grumichama or Brazil Cherry Ice Blocks](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/grumichama-or-brazil-cherry-ice-blocks.html "Grumichama or Brazil Cherry Ice Blocks") [Brazil](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/brazil.html) [Desserts](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/deserts.html) ### VFA Blog - #### [Vegan Egg Substitutes: Transform Your Recipes with Creativity and Flavor](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/vegan-egg-substitutes-transform-your-recipes-with-creativity-and-flavor.html "Vegan Egg Substitutes: Transform Your Recipes with Creativity and Flavor") - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/vegan-egg-substitutes-transform-your-recipes-with-creativity-and-flavor.html) ### Science - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular ### History [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg) Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating") [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg) Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation") [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg) Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference") ### 2002 Edinburgh Congress Archive - [2002 World Vegetarian Congress: Edinburgh](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-program-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Talks and Recipes](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-texts-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-photos-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Jeff's Journal](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-journal-index.html) - [2002 Congress: Edinburgh and Scotland Travel Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-scotland-index.html) - Archives by Language - [Chinese People Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-big5.html) - [Chinese Writers Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-big5.html) - [Chinese People Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-gb.html) - [Chinese Writers Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-gb.html) - [French Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-people-index.html) - [French IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-news-magazine.html) - [French 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-congress-2008-index.html) - [German IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-news-magazine.html) - [German 2008 Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-index-old.html) - [German Illustrated IVU Congress History](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [German 2008 Dresden Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-program.html) - [Italian Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-people-index.html) - [Italian IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-news-magazine.html) - [Italian 1997 European Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-euro97-index.html) - [Italian 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-thai99-index.html) - [Italian 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-2008-index.html) - [Portuguese 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-portuguese-congress-2008-index.html) - [Spanish Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-people-index.html) - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-index.html) - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-program-program.html) - [Spanish 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-2008-index.html) ### Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular 7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular 7319 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) [ Nutrition Guide for Students (with Khmer Translation)](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) Popular 6052 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) [ ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン栄養ガイド](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) Popular 5524 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) [ BROȘURA DE NUTRIȚIE VEGETARIANĂ - Romanian](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) Popular 5040 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular 4558 downloads ### Nutrition - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular 602 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular 2781 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular 3832 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular 4051 downloads ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults In 2 versions: - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html) [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html) ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Vegan Nutrition ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png) ### Presidents, Chair and Council - 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