---
title: "¿Eran vegetarianos los primeros humanos? - IVU - International Vegetarian Union"
description: "¿Eran vegetarianos los primeros humanos?: ¿Eran vegetarianos los primeros humanos? Un resumen de investigación sobre la dieta y la evolución de Toronto Vegetarian Association Irónicamente, nuestra realización más importante como especie quizá sea"
url: "https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=6715:spanish-trans-tva-evolution&catid=297"
date: "2026-11-05T23:56:47+00:00"
language: "en-GB"
---

#  ¿Eran vegetarianos los primeros humanos?

![¿Eran vegetarianos los primeros humanos?](https://ivu.org/images/legacy/history/banners/spanish-trans-tva-evolution.png)| **¿Eran vegetarianos    los primeros humanos?**   **Un resumen de investigación sobre    la dieta y la evolución**   de **[Toronto Vegetarian Association](http://www.veg.on.ca/)**---  *Irónicamente, nuestra realización más importante como especie quizá sea utilizar nuestro cerebro aumentado y nuestra tecnología para recrear la dieta que comíamos instintivamente hace un millón de años.*---  Imagine la selva primordial. Imagine muchos tipos de primates, incluso los antropoides (los chimpancés, los gorilas, y los primeros humanos) forrajeando frutas y hojas ricas en proteínas, bajo el techo del bosque arboreo. Esta historia comienza hace más de 55 millones de años pero ha representado la investigación perpetua de la Dra. Katherine Milton, profesora de antropología en la Universidad de California. Su búsqueda de las conexiones entre la dieta y la evolución es compartida por David Popovich, un estudiante de doctorado en las ciencias de nutrición en la Universidad de Toronto, quien también ve una conexión entre la dieta y el desarrollo humano de la vista, la percepción de profundidad, la memoria, el habla, la destreza y el comportamiento social.  Se nos ha dado la impresión de que nuestros antepasados lejanos estuvieron más cerca de los carnívoros que de los animales herbívoros. La cantidad de carne en la dieta del homínido primitivo es un asunto de controversia y el punto de vista más conservador implica evidencia de la inclusión de cantidades pequeñas de carne en la dieta ancestral por el forraje oportunista y la búsqueda de desperdicios. Dichos ancestros vivían mucho antes que cualquier predecesor del humano moderno. El reportaje reciente de The National Geographic Society (la Sociedad Geográfica Nacional) sobre la vida del neanderthal en la Europa glacial, por ejemplo, cita una evidencia del canibalismo y la dependencia de cazar para conseguir alimentación. Sin embargo, estos primos primates fueron relativamente recientes en la historia del homínido. Nuestros ancestros originales los preexistieron por eones, mucho antes de la última edad de hielo. Los primeros homínidos eran mucho más parecidos a los chimpancés y los gorilas modernos.  La mayoría de las personas pensamos que la vida del chimpancé transcurre bastante libre de preocupaciones. La Dra. Milton se sorprendió cuando observaba un grupo de chimpancés y se dio cuenta de que, en vez de sentarse entre las ramas para comer lo más cercano, andaban de prisa buscando ciertos alimentos específicos, rechazando una abundancia de hojas apetitosas para seguir adelante. Cuando encontraban un espécimen satisfactorio, no se hartaban de comer. En cambio, parecían motivados a obtener una mezcla de frutas y hojas de una variedad de especies de plantas. En ese momento, la Dra. Milton decidió dedicar su carrera a estudiar cómo conseguían estos animales sus requisitos nutritivos.  Hoy en día, los chimpancés salvajes se enfrentan a muchos desafíos para obtener suficiente variedad de materia vegetal – desafíos semejantes debieron de haber enfrentado nuestros antepasados lejanos. En primer lugar, muchas plantas han desarrollado superficies exteriores que sirven para desalentar a herbívoros con hambre. Estas superficies contienen compuestos químicos que tienen un sabor muy desagradable y a veces son letales.  Además, el contenido fibroso de las plantas, lo que llamamos “fibra”, resiste la descomposición por las enzimas digestivas de los mamíferos. La ingestión excesiva de fibra es problemática porque cuando la fibra no se digiere, no proporciona nada de energía para el organismo que la consume. La clave es hacer mejor la digestión de la fibra. En la Universidad de Toronto, David Popovich ha estado estudiando el contenido de micro-nutrientes en la vegetación salvaje consumida por los gorilas. Ha descubierto que mucha de la energía y del valor nutritivo que los gorilas son capaces de derivar de tal dieta proviene de la fermentación cólica. Sus estudios con humanos demuestran que los humanos también pueden ser capaces de depender de la fermentación cólica. Entonces, una dieta a base de cantidades suficientes de frutas, verduras, frutos – ni pasta ni glúcidos – proporciona cantidades adecuadas de proteína, vitamina B-12 y aminoácidos (los elementos básicos de la proteína). Los gorilas y los chimpancés fácilmente digieren la celulosa, gracias a la presencia del ciliado Troglodytella en sus intestinos. Sin embargo, los chimpancés y los gorilas en cautividad empiezan a perder su Troglodytella cuando se alimentan con comida cocinada. Por tanto, es lógico llegar a la conclusión de que los humanos perdieron sus ciliados intestinales cuando empezaron a cocinar con fuego.  ---  ***Mientras que la cantidad de carne consumida por nuestros antepasados sigue en disputa, hay consenso de que la dieta pleistocena consistía ante todo en materia vegetal.***---  Otro problema con tal dieta es encontrar bastante tiempo para forrajear. Los primates no pueden concentrarse en sólo unos cuantos recursos vegetales porque, aunque se pudiera digerir bien la fibra, muchos alimentos vegetales tienen bajos niveles de uno o más de los nutrientes requeridos, como las vitaminas o los aminoácidos. Las frutas tienen tendencia a ser ricas en formas de hidratos de carbono, fácilmente digeribles y relativamente bajas en fibra, y proporcionan poca proteína. Dado que los primates en el techo del bosque arboreo no cultivan legumbres ni verduras ricas en proteínas, en gran parte dependen del acceso eficiente a una gran variedad de frutas y hojas preferidas para conseguir las proteínas adecuadas.  El desarrollo de una mejor memoria para la localización exacta de los árboles preferidos, las rutas más cortas entre ellos y un horario para acertar el tiempo más probable de tener fruta en definitiva favorecería la supervivencia. Sin duda, un cerebro aumentado apoyaría tanto estas actividades como la comunicación en grupo. Actualmente, los monos araña orientales exploran el bosque para encontrar fruta, dividiéndose en grupos pequeños y cambiables. Su capacidad mental aumentada les ayuda a reconocer los miembros de su propia unidad social y aprender los significados de distintos gritos relacionados con la comida.  Las complejidades inherentes del nicho de la alimentación vegetal podían haber sido un factor en el aumento de la longevidad de los primates. Ni los simios ni los humanos pueden fiarse de su sentido del sabor y olfato relativamente inadecuados para detectar la toxicidad; en consecuencia requieren varios años de la adolescencia para aprender qué comidas son seguras y nutritivas. Puede ser la razón de que los humanos representan uno de los animales que más años vive.  La Dra. Milton propone que los astutos homo sapiens estaban más preparados para resolver los problemas de dieta causados por las condiciones ambientales inconstantes. La expansión del poder cerebral junto con el aumento del tamaño corporal y la disminución de la mandíbula y los dientes, representan una evidencia de la realización de una dieta de alta calidad. Sin la dieta de alta calidad, el tamaño corporal aumentado no produce nada más que un simio de lento movimento que es sedentario e insociable, como los orangutanes y los gorilas de la actualidad. Las semejanzas dentales entre los fósiles de los homínidos dan credibilidad a la evidencia de una dieta de alta calidad, basada en plantas. El volumen disminuido de la mandíbula y de los dientes significa que: o nuestros antepasados comían alimentos poco fibrosos y fáciles de masticar, o los procesaban para quitar materia difícil de digerir.  Algunos investigadores han propuesto que la modificación de las estructuras dentales fuese consecuencia en parte de la especialización de la caza y la búsqueda de desperdicios. Sin embargo, la examinación, bajo el microscopio electrónico, de huesos cogidos de yacimientos de primeros homínidos demuestra que es probable que nuestros antepasados recogiesen los huesos que ya habían aprovechado otros carnívoros. Mientras que la cantidad de carne consumida por nuestros antepasados sigue en disputa, hay consenso en que la dieta pleistocena consistía ante todo en materia vegetal. Aunque se sabe que los chimpancés matan, este comportamiento no es necesariamente dietético sino ritualista y su dieta es por lo menos de un 94% de plantas y frutas.  Los chimpancés salvajes ingieren 100 gramos de fibra cada día, mucho más que los 10 gramos o menos que el típico norteamericano ingiere hoy en día. Los estudios de la Dra. Milton han demostrado que el intestino del chimpancé es sorprendentemente parecido al del humano con respecto a la eficacia con la que procesa la fibra. Según la Dra. Milton, nuestro sistema digestivo no parece ser muy modificado del sistema del antepasado común de los simios y los humanos, que, sin duda, era un animal en su mayor parte herbívoro.  Aunque no hay ninguna recomendación autoritaria para la cantidad diaria de fibra, la cantidad baja ingerida diariamente por la mayoría de canadienses es mucho menor que la requerida para permanecer sanos. Según David Popovich, los gorilas cautivos están muriendo en los zoológicos de la misma arteriosclerosis que afecta a los pacientes cardíacos humanos porque los zoológicos son ignorantes de la dependencia de los gorilas de la fibra. Dr. David Jenkins, conocido como el padre del “movimiento de la fibra” en Canadá y director del Clinical Risk Factor Modification Centre (Centro de la Modificación de los Factores de Riesgo) en el St. Michael’s Hospital (el Hospital de San Miguel), sigue reforzando la opción del vegetarianismo como la dieta óptima para los humanos.  | \|  \| \|---\|---\|  A note on this archive. The history section of this website is drawn from a body of legacy content originally compiled by John Davis, former manager of the International Vegetarian Union. It represents his curation of historical material, and in places includes passages written by him directly.  Over the years, the IVU website has migrated between several different hosting servers. In the course of these migrations, a number of PDF files were unfortunately lost, and **some links to PDF documents may no longer function**. Where this is the case, we have chosen to leave the original link text in place, as it may itself carry information of historical value.  - Hits: 1069    ###  1957 World Vegetarian Congress   - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-index.html) - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress: Souvenir Book](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-souvenir-index.html)      - [History of IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html)      ###  Vegetarian Congresses: Main Archive   - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [1847 England Physiological and Vegetarian Conference](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1847-index.html) - [1850 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1850-index.html) - [1890 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1890-index.html) - [1893 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1893-index.html) - [1897 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1897-index.html) - [1900 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1900-index.html) - [1908 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc08-index.html) - [1909 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc09-index.html) - [1910 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc10-index.html) - [1926 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc26-index.html) - [1932 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc32-index.html) - [1935 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc35-index.html) - [1938 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc38-index.html) - [1947 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-wvc47-index.html) - [1949 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1949na-index.html) - 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[Rock and Pop: Historical Directory Version](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-all.html) - [Creative Writing and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-writers-creative.html) - [Creative Writing: Historical Influences Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-influences.html)      ###  2000 Toronto Congress Archive   - [2000 World Vegetarian Congress: Toronto](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-pics-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Host Association Reports](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-tva-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Vegetarian About.com Report](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-vac-index.html)      ###  Vegetarian Societies and IVU History   - [History of Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html) - [History of the International Vegetarian Union](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-ivu-index.html) - 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[Indian Vegetarian Societies](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-swasia-india-history.html) - [IVU Fellows: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-members-council-fellows.html)      ###  Vegetarian History: Timelines and Eras   - [Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-timeline-index.html) - [Ancient Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-ancient.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1400-1800](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-pre-1800.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1800-1888](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-19a.html) - [International Vegetarianism: 1889-1907](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1900.html) - [IVU and Vegetarianism: Early 20th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1908.html) - [Vegetarianism in Ancient Greece and Rome](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-greece-rome-index.html) - [Ancient India and Eastern Vegetarian Traditions](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-east-index.html) - [Asia and Pacific Vegetarian History up to 1900](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-east-index2.html) - [Europe: Middle Ages to the 17th Century](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-renaissance-index.html) - [European Vegetarian History: 18th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-europe18.html) - [Food in England Since 1066](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-food-england.html) - [England: Early 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-england19a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe19b-index.html) - [Europe: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20b-index.html) - [North America: 18th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-northam18-index.html) - [USA: 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-usa19-index.html) - [North America: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20a-index.html) - [North America: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20b-index.html)      ###  2008 Dresden Congress Archive   - [2008 World Vegetarian Congress: Dresden](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-texts-index.html) - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index-old.html)      ###  2006 Goa Congress Archive   - [2006 World Vegetarian Congress: Goa](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-texts-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-jdphotos-index.html)      ###  2004 Brazil Congress Archive   - [2004 World Vegetarian Congress: Florianopolis](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Speakers and Food Demonstrators](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-speakers-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Lectures](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-lectures-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Reports and Comments](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-reports-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Cruelty-Free Fashion Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-fashion-index.html) - [2004 Congress: Rio Grande do Sul Tour Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-postcong1-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index-old.html)      ###  Vegan Recipes   - [![VEGAN GOURD STUFFED WITH RICE  AND MUSHROOM SAUCE](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th10%20460_ba5da9db58780cf0621355bae37a130e.jpg "VEGAN GOURD STUFFED WITH RICE  AND MUSHROOM SAUCE")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-gourd-stuffed-with-rice-and-mushroom-sauce-2.html "VEGAN GOURD STUFFED WITH RICE  AND MUSHROOM SAUCE")           ####  [VEGAN GOURD STUFFED WITH RICE AND MUSHROOM SAUCE](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-gourd-stuffed-with-rice-and-mushroom-sauce-2.html "VEGAN GOURD STUFFED WITH RICE  AND MUSHROOM SAUCE")            [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Rice](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/rice.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) [Sauces](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/sauces.html) - [![VEGAN STIR-FRIED VERMICELLI NOODLES](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/mon%20103_c29957a149818500c213d7cc5c0c2d9e.jpg "VEGAN STIR-FRIED VERMICELLI NOODLES")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-stir-fried-vermicelli-noodles.html "VEGAN STIR-FRIED VERMICELLI NOODLES")           ####  [VEGAN STIR-FRIED VERMICELLI NOODLES](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/vegan-stir-fried-vermicelli-noodles.html "VEGAN STIR-FRIED VERMICELLI NOODLES")            [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Noodles](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/noodles.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) [Stir Fry](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/fake-meats-tofu-etc-2.html) - [![Tunisian Sweet Potato Stew](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/tunisian-sweet-potato-stew-1775659095_2aa7bb33c3c2e324c7c7f83f6ad9f137.jpg "Tunisian Sweet Potato Stew")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/tunisian-sweet-potato-stew.html "Tunisian Sweet Potato Stew")           ####  [Tunisian Sweet Potato Stew](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/tunisian-sweet-potato-stew.html "Tunisian Sweet Potato Stew")            [Protein Rich](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/proteiin-rich.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Soups](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/soup.html) [Whole Food Plant Based](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/whole-plant-based.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) [Tunisia](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/tunisia.html)       ###  VFA Blog   - [![Lactose Liberation: Embracing the Vegan Wave with Plant-Based Milks – A Health Revolution in Your Glass](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/almond_milk_jar_443a624aa9f8881a9dae2ddfbd8a5b02.jpg "Lactose Liberation: Embracing the Vegan Wave with Plant-Based Milks – A Health Revolution in Your Glass")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/lactose-liberation-embracing-the-vegan-wave-with-plant-based-milks-a-health-revolution-in-your-glass.html "Lactose Liberation: Embracing the Vegan Wave with Plant-Based Milks – A Health Revolution in Your Glass")           ####  [Lactose Liberation: Embracing the Vegan Wave with Plant-Based Milks – A Health Revolution in Your Glass](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/lactose-liberation-embracing-the-vegan-wave-with-plant-based-milks-a-health-revolution-in-your-glass.html "Lactose Liberation: Embracing the Vegan Wave with Plant-Based Milks – A Health Revolution in Your Glass")                - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/lactose-liberation-embracing-the-vegan-wave-with-plant-based-milks-a-health-revolution-in-your-glass.html)       ###  Science   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html)     [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html)     [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html)     [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular            ###  History     [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg)    Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating")       [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg)    Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation")       [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg)    Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference")                              ###  2002 Edinburgh Congress Archive   - [2002 World Vegetarian Congress: Edinburgh](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-program-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Talks and Recipes](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-texts-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-photos-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Jeff's Journal](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-journal-index.html) - [2002 Congress: Edinburgh and Scotland Travel Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-scotland-index.html)      - <a href="">Archives by Language </a>     - [Chinese People Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese People Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-gb.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-gb.html)     - [French Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-people-index.html)     - [French IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-news-magazine.html)     - [French 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-congress-2008-index.html)     - [German IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-news-magazine.html)     - [German 2008 Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-index-old.html)     - [German Illustrated IVU Congress History](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html)     - [German 2008 Dresden Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-program.html)     - [Italian Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-people-index.html)     - [Italian IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-news-magazine.html)     - [Italian 1997 European Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-euro97-index.html)     - [Italian 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Italian 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Portuguese 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-portuguese-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Spanish Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-people-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-program-program.html)     - [Spanish 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-2008-index.html)        ###  Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)     [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular               7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html)     [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular               7319 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html)     [ Nutrition Guide for Students (with Khmer Translation)](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) Popular               6052 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html)     [ ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン栄養ガイド](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) Popular               5524 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html)     [ BROȘURA DE NUTRIȚIE VEGETARIANĂ - Romanian](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) Popular               5040 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html)     [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular               4558 downloads            ###  Nutrition   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html)     [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular               602 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html)     [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular               2781 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html)     [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular               3832 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html)     [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular               4051 downloads                                ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults  In 2 versions:  - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html)    [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html)         ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents  The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet    [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)                 Vegan Nutrition            ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png)               ### Presidents, Chair and Council  - [IVU President and Chair of the International Council](https://ivu.org/ivu-chair.html) - [IVU Honorary President](https://ivu.org/ivu-honorary-president.html) - 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