---
title: "¿Los animales sienten dolor? - IVU - International Vegetarian Union"
description: "¿Los animales sienten dolor?: ¿Los animales sienten dolor? por Peter Singer de Animal Rights Resource Site Los otros animales aparte de los humanos ¿sienten dolor?"
url: "https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=6682:spanish-trans-arrs-pain&catid=297"
date: "2026-11-06T00:01:29+00:00"
language: "en-GB"
---

#  ¿Los animales sienten dolor?

![¿Los animales sienten dolor?](https://ivu.org/images/legacy/history/banners/spanish-trans-arrs-pain.png)| ¿Los animales sienten dolor?   por Peter Singer   de **[Animal Rights Resource Site](http://www.envirolink.org/arrs/)**Los otros animales aparte de los humanos ¿sienten dolor? ¿Cómo lo sabemos?  Bueno, ¿cómo sabemos que cualquiera, humano o no, siente dolor? Sabemos que nosotros mismos podemos sentir dolor. Lo sabemos por experiencias directas que tenemos cuando, por ejemplo, alguien apaga un cigarro encendido en la palma de nuestra mano. Pero ¿cómo sabemos que los demás sienten dolor? No podemos experimentar directamente el dolor de nadie más, sea ese ''alguien'' nuestro amigo o un perro abandonado. El dolor es un estado de conciencia, un evento 'mental' y como tal nunca puede ser observado. Comportamientos como retorcerse, gritar, o retirar la mano del cigarro encendido no es dolor en sí; ni tampoco lo son las grabaciones que un neurólogo pueda hacer de las observaciones cerebrales del dolor mismo. El dolor es algo que sentimos, y sólo podemos deducir que otros lo están sintiendo por varias indicaciones externas.   ¿Sólo es justificable asumir que otros seres humanos sienten el dolor como nosotros, hay alguna razón por la que tal deducción no sea justificable en el caso de otros animales?  Casi todas las señales externas que nos llevan a deducir dolor en otros humanos pueden ser vistas en otras especies, especialmente las especies más cercanas a nosotros - las especies de mamíferos y aves. Las señales de comportamiento son retorcerse, contorsiones faciales, quejas, alaridos u otras formas de grito, intentos de evitar la fuente de dolor, apariencia de miedo ante la perspectiva de su repetición, y otros. Además, sabemos que estos animales tienen sistemas nerviosos como los nuestros, que responden psicológicamente como los nuestros cuando el animal está en circunstancias en las que nosotros sentiríamos dolor: una elevación inicial de la presión en la sangre, pupilas dilatadas, transpiración, pulso agitado, y si el estímulo continua, una caida de la presión sanguínea. Aunque los humanos tienen una corteza cerebral más desarrollada que otros animales, esta parte del cerebro está relacionada con las funciones pensantes más que con impulsos básicos, emociones y sentimientos. Estos impulsos, emociones y sentimientos están localizados en el diencéfalo, el cual está muy desarrollado en algunas otras especies de animales, especialmente en mamíferos y aves. (1)  También sabemos que el sistema nervioso de otros animales no fue artificialmente construido - como un robot puede ser artificialmente construido - para imitar el comportamiento ante el dolor de los humanos. El sistema nervioso de los animales se desarrolló como el nuestro y de hecho la historia evolutiva de los seres humanos y otros animales, especialmente los mamíferos no divergieron hasta que las características centrales de nuestro sistema nervioso ya esatba en existencia. La capacidad de sentir dolor obviamente mejora las esperanzas de supervivencia de una especie, puesto que ocasiona que los miembros de una especie eviten las fuentes del daño. Es seguramente irracional suponer que los sistemas nerviosos que son virtualmente idénticos psicológicamente, tienen un origen común y una función evolutiva en común y resultan en formas de comportamiento similares en circunstancias similares, deberían de operar de una forma totalmente diferente en el nivel de sentimientos subjetivos.  La gran mayoría de científicos que se han hecho esta pregunta están de acuerdo. Lord Brain, uno de los más eminentes neurólogos de nuestro tiempo, ha dicho: ''Personalmente no puedo ver la razón para concederle mente a mi compañero hombre y negárselo a los animales... Yo por lo menos no puedo dudar que los intereses y las actividades de los animales están correlacionadas con el entendimiento y el sentimiento de la misma manera que el mio, y que puede ser, que yo sepa, tan vívido.(2)  El autor de un libro sobre dolor escribe: ''Cada partícula de evidencia apoya la afirmación de que los mamíferos vertebrados superiores experimentan sensaciones de dolor al menos tan agudas como las nuestras. Decir que sienten menos porque son animales inferiores es absurdo; puede ser fácilmente demostrado que muchos de sus sentidos son mucho más agudos que los nuestros - agudeza visual en ciertas aves, oído en la mayoría de los animales salvajes y el tacto en otros; estos animales dependen más que nosotros hoy del entendimiento más agudo de un ambiente hostil. Aparte de la comlejidad de la corteza cerebral (que no percibe el dolor directamente) sus sistemas nerviosos son casi idénticos al nuestro y sus reacciones al dolor extraordinariamente similares. Aunque careciendo (hasta donde sabemos) de los tonos filosóficos y morales. El elemento emocional es muy evidente, principalmente en la forma de miedo y enojo. (3)  Se puede pensar que eso es suficiente para establecer el problema; pero una objeción más debe ser considerada... Hay una línea vaga de pensamiento filosófico, derivada quizá de algunas doctrinas asociadas con el influyente filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein, la cual sostiene que no podemos significativamente atribuir estados de conciencia a seres sin lenguaje. Esta posición me parece nada plausible. El lenguaje puede ser necesario para el pensamiento abstracto, a cierto nivel de todos modos; pero los estados como el dolor son más primitivos, y no tienen nada que ver con el lenguaje... Los bebés humanos y niños pequeños son incapaces de usar el lenguaje. ¿Debemos negar que un niño de un año puede sufrir? Si no, el lenguaje no puede ser crucial.  Entonces para concluir: no hay buenas razones, científicas o filosóficas, para negar que los animales sienten dolor. Si no dudamos que otros humanos sienten dolor, no deberíamos dudar que otros animales también lo hacen... Los animales pueden sentir dolor.  **Referencias.**  1. Lord Brain, ''Dirección Presidencial'' en CA Keele y R.Smith, eds., La valoración del dolor en Hombres y Animales. (Londres: Federación de Universidades por el Bienestar de los Animales, 1962) 2. Supra note 1. 3. Richard Sargeant, El espectro del dolor. (Londres: Hart Davis, 1969) p.72  *Este artículo es un extracto de un clásico de la literatura de los Derechos de los Animales: Animal Liberation (Liberación Animal), Peter Singer, 2a edición, New York: Avon Books, 1990.*  | \|  \| \|---\|---\|  A note on this archive. The history section of this website is drawn from a body of legacy content originally compiled by John Davis, former manager of the International Vegetarian Union. It represents his curation of historical material, and in places includes passages written by him directly.  Over the years, the IVU website has migrated between several different hosting servers. In the course of these migrations, a number of PDF files were unfortunately lost, and **some links to PDF documents may no longer function**. Where this is the case, we have chosen to leave the original link text in place, as it may itself carry information of historical value.  - Hits: 1364    ###  1957 World Vegetarian Congress   - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-index.html) - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress: Souvenir Book](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-souvenir-index.html)      - [History of IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html)      ###  Vegetarian Congresses: Main Archive   - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [1847 England Physiological and Vegetarian Conference](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1847-index.html) - [1850 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1850-index.html) - [1890 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1890-index.html) - [1893 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1893-index.html) - 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[USA: 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-usa19-index.html) - [North America: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20a-index.html) - [North America: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20b-index.html)      ###  2008 Dresden Congress Archive   - [2008 World Vegetarian Congress: Dresden](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-texts-index.html) - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index-old.html)      ###  2006 Goa Congress Archive   - [2006 World Vegetarian Congress: Goa](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-texts-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-jdphotos-index.html)      ###  2004 Brazil Congress Archive   - [2004 World Vegetarian Congress: Florianopolis](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Speakers and Food Demonstrators](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-speakers-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Lectures](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-lectures-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Reports and Comments](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-reports-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Cruelty-Free Fashion Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-fashion-index.html) - [2004 Congress: Rio Grande do Sul Tour Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-postcong1-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index-old.html)      ###  Vegan Recipes   - [![Roasted Sweet Plantains](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/roasted-sweet-plantains-1777414226_eea09d73379d6aec63064e95f5be1b49.jpg "Roasted Sweet Plantains")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/roasted-sweet-plantains.html "Roasted Sweet Plantains")           ####  [Roasted Sweet Plantains](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/roasted-sweet-plantains.html "Roasted Sweet Plantains")            [Snacks](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snacks.html) [Starters & side dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snack-side-dishes.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) [Caribbean](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/caribbean.html) [Nigeria](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/nigeria.html) - ####  [Egyptian Spiced Carrot Puree](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/egyptian-spiced-carrot-puree.html "Egyptian Spiced Carrot Puree")            [Egypt](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/egypt.html) [Starters & side dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snack-side-dishes.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) - [![Brazilian Orange Rice](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/brazilian-orange-rice-1793676138_f89635e5c18f1ff52b3f2362b27cfe44.jpg "Brazilian Orange Rice")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/brazilian-orange-rice.html "Brazilian Orange Rice")           ####  [Brazilian Orange Rice](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/brazilian-orange-rice.html "Brazilian Orange Rice")            [Brazil](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/brazil.html) [Rice](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/rice.html) [Starters & side dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/snack-side-dishes.html)       ###  VFA Blog   - [![The Fruits of History: Uncovering the Fascinating History of Bananas](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/bananas_1a2a3704170c0e8dbbff9dcb94ed970f.jpg "The Fruits of History: Uncovering the Fascinating History of Bananas")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/the-fruits-of-history-uncovering-the-fascinating-history-of-bananas.html "The Fruits of History: Uncovering the Fascinating History of Bananas")           ####  [The Fruits of History: Uncovering the Fascinating History of Bananas](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/the-fruits-of-history-uncovering-the-fascinating-history-of-bananas.html "The Fruits of History: Uncovering the Fascinating History of Bananas")                - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/the-fruits-of-history-uncovering-the-fascinating-history-of-bananas.html)       ###  Science   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html)     [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html)     [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html)     [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular            ###  History     [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg)    Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating")       [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg)    Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation")       [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg)    Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference")                              ###  2002 Edinburgh Congress Archive   - [2002 World Vegetarian Congress: Edinburgh](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-program-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Talks and Recipes](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-texts-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-photos-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Jeff's Journal](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-journal-index.html) - [2002 Congress: Edinburgh and Scotland Travel Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-scotland-index.html)      - <a href="">Archives by Language </a>     - [Chinese People Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese People Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-gb.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-gb.html)     - [French Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-people-index.html)     - [French IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-news-magazine.html)     - [French 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-congress-2008-index.html)     - [German IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-news-magazine.html)     - [German 2008 Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-index-old.html)     - [German Illustrated IVU Congress History](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html)     - [German 2008 Dresden Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-program.html)     - [Italian Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-people-index.html)     - [Italian IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-news-magazine.html)     - [Italian 1997 European Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-euro97-index.html)     - [Italian 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Italian 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Portuguese 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-portuguese-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Spanish Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-people-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-program-program.html)     - [Spanish 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-2008-index.html)        ###  Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)     [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular               7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html)     [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular               7319 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html)     [ Nutrition Guide for Students (with Khmer Translation)](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) Popular               6052 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html)     [ ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン栄養ガイド](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) Popular               5524 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html)     [ BROȘURA DE NUTRIȚIE VEGETARIANĂ - Romanian](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) Popular               5040 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html)     [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular               4558 downloads            ###  Nutrition   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html)     [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular               603 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html)     [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular               2782 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html)     [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular               3834 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html)     [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular               4052 downloads                                ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults  In 2 versions:  - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html)    [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html)         ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents  The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet    [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)                 Vegan Nutrition            ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png)               ### Presidents, Chair and Council  - [IVU President and Chair of the International Council](https://ivu.org/ivu-chair.html) - [IVU Honorary President](https://ivu.org/ivu-honorary-president.html) - [International Council](https://ivu.org/international-council.html)       ### Departments  - [Fund-raising](https://ivu.org/fund-raising.html) - [Global Health](https://ivu.org/global-health-department.html) - [Medicine and Nutrition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/medicine-and-nutrition.html) - [Policy Initiatives](https://ivu.org/policies-initiatives.html)     - [Articles](https://ivu.org/policies-initiatives/policies-iniciatives-articles.html)       ### Regions  - [Europe](https://ivu.org/europe-union.html) - [Latin America](https://ivu.org/latin-america.html) - [North America](https://ivu.org/north-america.html) - [Africa](https://ivu.org/africa-continent.html) - [Asia-Pacific](https://ivu.org/asia-pacific-region.html) - [Asia-South & India](https://ivu.org/asia-south-west.html) - [Asia-West & Middle East](https://ivu.org/asia-west-middle-east.html) - [Contacts](https://ivu.org/contact-ivu.html)       ### Blogs  - [Cynthia Schuck](https://ivu.org/cynthia-schuck.html) - [John Davis](https://ivu.org/john-davis.html) - [Marly Winckler](https://ivu.org/marly-winckler.html) - [Vegan Food Academy](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page.html) - [Login](https://ivu.org/login-2.html)

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        "name": "Alex Fernandes",
        "url": "https://ivu.org/international-council.html"
    },
    "dateCreated": "2026-08-08T00:37:49+00:00",
    "dateModified": "2026-10-12T15:44:52+00:00"
}
```