---
title: "The Hindu Attitude Towards Vegetarianism - IVU - International Vegetarian Union"
description: "The Hindu Attitude Towards Vegetarianism: Raghunathan "How can the drunkard be truthful or the flesh-eater compassionate?" runs a Sanskrit verse which appears in the anthologies. It reveals a climate of opinion, continental in its provenance, which links up vegetarianism with a superior"
url: "https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html?view=article&id=3968:congress-wvc57-souvenir-raghunathan&catid=184"
date: "2026-11-06T00:11:28+00:00"
language: "en-GB"
---

#  The Hindu Attitude Towards Vegetarianism

![The Hindu Attitude Towards Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/images/legacy/history/banners/congress-wvc57-souvenir-raghunathan.png)
 **The Hindu Attitude Towards Vegetarianism**
 N. Raghunathan

"How can the drunkard be truthful or the flesh-eater compassionate?" runs a Sanskrit verse which appears in the anthologies. It reveals a climate of opinion, continental in its provenance, which links up vegetarianism with a superior ethic. Its emergence can be traced back to the mediaeval ages, if not earlier. Fa-hsien (7th century A.D.) reported that "no respectable person ate meat, the consumption of which was confined to the lower classes." This ethical attitude was the result of a long evolution. And since Fa-hsien wrote, vegetarianism has made further strides among the various sections of the Hindu population, in spite of the fact that Islam and Christianity, the religions to which successive rulers owed allegiance in the past millennium, were not opposed to the taking of life for food. The impulse to abjure could not have been so strong if it had not been reinforced by the general ethical outlook of Hinduism and the metaphysical ideas from which that outlook derived.

Non-killing for food was but a special application of the doctrine of non-violence which is at least as old as the Upanishads. *Na himsyaat sarva bhuutaani* (Injure no living thing) is a Vedic injunction. The *Chandogya Upanishad* says that the man who has attained to correct knowledge causes no injury to any living thing (except in sacrifices) and escapes from the cycle of births and deaths. That the offering of animals or plants in sacrifice was not *himsa* is an ancient idea that goes back at least to the *Maitrayani Samhita* (III.9.3). Almost as old is the concomitant faith that is later given expression to by Manu (V-27 to 44) when he says that the plants and animals which are killed or used for performing sacrifices are by this very act furthered along the path of evolution. As the idea of Vedic sacrifices derives from the sacrifices of the primal Purusha (described in the Purusha Sukta) as the necessary preliminary to the act of Creation, it posits an intimate psychological connection between the sacrificer, the sacrificial victim, and the god to whom the sacrifice is offered, and thus negates the idea of violence of injury. Compare the Biblical story of the call on Abraham to sacrifice his eldest born.

But in the Rg Veda itself one finds a growing repugnance to killing animals even for the propitiation of the higher powers. There are hymns which declare that "the devout offering of praise or of a fuel-stick or of cooked food" is as efficacious as the more conventional sacrifice. The repugnance to ritual taking of life, rooted in the metaphysical idea to which I refer below, was later reinforced by the belief in Karma and Renunciation. The *Satapatha Brahmana*, though it declares that "meat is the best kind of food," also propounds the doctrine which is elaborated in great detail in later Puranic literature, that the eater of meat is eaten in the next birth by the animal killed. One of the most striking philosophical discourses in *Srimad Bhagavata* is addressed by Narada to King Prachina-Barhis, who has killed innumerable animals in thousands of sacrifices. The sage administers a salutary shock to him by conjuring up a vision of the multitude of rams with iron horns that were waiting to gore him when he should die and pass to Yama's world." You have developed a monstrous egotism by this endless slaughter (brhad-vadaad maance) and do not know what you have let yourself in for," he says. And having thus prepared his mind for the reception of the Vedantic teaching, he allegorizes the story of man in the grip of samsaara linking it with the allegory of the Two Birds of the Upanishads (*dvaa suparnaa*).

It is, however, the metaphysical idea of the basic identity of all life that is at the root of the Hindu repugnance to killing. As Mahamahopadhyaya P. V. Kane well summarizes it in his *History of Dharmasastra* to which the render may refer for a full discussions of the subject, the doctrine of *ahimsa* is founded in the conviction that "one supreme entity pervades the universe, and that even the meanest insect was a manifestation of the Divine Essence and that philosophical truths would not dawn upon the man who was not restrained, free from crude appetites and had not universal kindliness and sympathy." In the *Krishna Yajur-Veda Samhita* (Kanda II, Prasna V, Anuvaka 4) the *yajamana* of a particular sacrifice is enjoined to refrain from "telling lies, eating meat, having connection with women, or scenting his clothes." so long as he is engaged in the sacrificial ceremony. And the reason given is significant. " For it is well known that the Devas (gods) do not do these things." (*Etad hi devaas sarvam na kurvanti*.) Both the Yoga Sastra and the Vedanta insist that only those who renounce violence in thought, word, and deed can successfully undergo the respective disciplines. And, though not all men became Yogis or Vedantis, it was the adepts and the liberated souls that set the standards of ethical behaviour which it was the duty of the law-givers and the popular teachers to propagate among the masses.

In this long and chequered evolution of ideas aiming at the integration of individual self-perfection with the ethical progress of society as a whole, the *Maanava Dharma-Sastra* represents the great divide. Its injunctions (as well as those of the *Yagnavalkya Smriti* which closely follows it) regarding food restrictions and prohibitions, may seem to the superficial reader to be confused and contradictory. As already indicated, Manu allows the killing of animals "in sacrifices, for the feeding of honoured guests, and in rites for the manes" ; he would also seem to allow it "when one's life is in danger " ; and he suggests that a person may partake of the remnants of the flesh of an animal bought by him and reared by him or flesh given by another out of what is prepared for offering to the gods and manes. That would appear like throwing the gate pretty wide open. But later (V-46-55), Manu expresses himself plainly in favour of total abstention from killing animals even in sacrifices. He points out that, as no flesh can be had without killing living beings and as killing cannot lead to heaven, one should give up flesh. At the same time he is a realist, like the authors of the *Dharma Sutras*, who (as the Ujjwala commentary on the *Apasthamba Dharma Sutra* points out) had to take note of the practice and predisposition of men and to curb their undesirable instincts not by total prohibition but by imposing restrictions and limitations. Like the Gita Acharya Manu finds that human nature is intractable and human appetites are stubborn. Looking at the world around him he could not overlook the fact that large sections of people still ate fish and flesh, drank wine, and indulged in sex. So he declared that what the Sastras allowed to certain persons and on certain occasions could not be described as sinful, but *abstention in these matters (even where they were allowed by the Sastras) would redound greatly to the merit of the abstainer*. And the *Mitakshari* on *Yagnyavalkya Smriti* quietly effects a revolutionary extension of the sphere of moral obligation by declaring that the rules and taboos regarding food are equally applicable to all *varnas*. (See the Commentary Y. S. Achara Adhyaya Sloka 179).

This process of adapting the rules regarding food taboos to the requirements of a society which comprehended many elements in varying stages of spiritual evolution. while at the same time effecting a steady illumination of the higher path which, it was emphasized, could be followed by every one (irrespective of his social or caste status) who aspired to spiritual progress, was carried very much further in the Epic and Puranic literatures. Indeed it is the crowning glory of the latter that; they made explicit and reinforced with numerous examples the lofty ethical ideas which are implicit in the teaching of the *Rishis* of the Upanishads, In the scales of *varna* and *ashrama*, the higher the status the greater the responsibility for practising and setting an example to others of self-control which, with self-denial, was regarded as the sovereign virtue. In the Epics the *Brahmachari*, the *Vanaprasha*, and the *Sanyaasin* (belonging to the three higher castes) are depicted as being vowed to absolute *ahimsa*, which meant total abstention from flesh foods. Thus Kausalya, bewailing the hardships that her darling son would have to undergo in the forest life, says that he would have "to live like a *muni* abjuring flesh" (*hitwan munivad aamisham*). The householder could partake of flesh offered in sacrifices, but not merely for indulging his appetite. The Kshatriya was not required to abstain from meat-eating, and hunting was looked upon as the sport of kings, But the latter was not to be regarded as a form of self-indulgence - slaughter for slaughter's sake-but as a duty the king owed his subjects to protect their crop and cattle from the ravages of wild beasts. The *Bhagavata* goes so far as to deny immediate salvation to the king, because he inflicts injury, though as a matter of duty.

 Asoka banned meat-dishes at his own table and reduced the number of sacrificial victims. Among Puranic figures Rantideva. the king whose numerous sacrifices caused a river of blood to flow (Charmanvati) no doubt did enjoy a high reputation for holiness. But it is the other Rantideva who figures in *Srimad Bhagavata* (Ninth Skanda) that became for the people at large the supreme symbol of compassion. During a prolonged famine, he gave away all that he possessed, including the last morsel of food and the last drink of water, and with his dying breath gave utterance to the immortal aspiration: "I want neither Heaven nor yogic powers nor prosperity, if only I can take upon myself all the sorrows and sufferings of all other living things by entering into their very being, and thus free them from misery." The story of *Satya-Vrata* in the *Devi Bhagavafa* (Third Skanda), who, having long been an unlettered invincible dunce, became a poet and a seer by the grace of the Devi, also reinforces the same lesson. Though a dunce who scorned himself and was scorned by others, he made a vow of truth-speaking. So he was in a great dilemma when a boar wounded by a hunter took refuge in a shelter behind his ashram and the hunter wanted to know where it had hid itself. The sight of the poor suffering animal had liberated the boundless springs of compassion in him , and that made him utter unwittingly the *bijakshara* (mystic syllables) pleasing to the Devi, which endowed him with the supreme poetic faculty and helped to save the animal by giving a reply which, while it maintained his reputation for truthfulness, confounded the hunter. The point of the story is that it was the compassion bred by the practice of *vairagya* and truthspeaking that attracted the grace of the Devi. The story of *Saakala* in the *Vaaraaha Puranu* and the better known story of Sibi in the *Mahabharata* pinpoint the duty of not only abstaining from taking life but also of preventing others from doing this even for food by all possible ways of peaceful dissuasion and substitute satisfaction.

The *Mahabharata* and the *Purnas* emphasize that *sila* (character and conduct) and aachaara (ceremonial observance) enjoined by the *Sastras* are equally important for spiritual progress. On the question of killing animals for food, this attitude of Puranic Hinduism was far more effective than the teaching of either Buddhism or Jainism. While Buddhism laid all the emphasis on character (the Eightfold Path) its treatment of ritual and ceremonial observance as of little importance resulted in the taboos regarding non-killing being gradually relegated to the background: and flesh-eating is the general rule among Buddhists. The Jains have rigorously observed the prohibition against killing for food and meat-eating; but apart from remaining a small community their interpretation of the doctrine of *ahimsa* has tended to be barren, because of their inability to see that *himsa* may take many forms besides killing or physical injury. The central teaching of Hinduism has, on the other hand, in the words of *Dhritkarnshtra* (Ch. 140 of the Rajadharma Sub-Parva of the Santi Parva) that "sila (conduct) consists of '*androha*' (non-injury) to all things in *thought, word, and deed, anugraha* (active benevolence), and *dana* (giving according to one's capacity)" (Italics mine). "A man must be ashamed of any act of his that results in harm or suffering to another," said the old king. And in the *Dharma Vyaadha Upaakyaana* (Aranya Parva Adhyayas 306 to 314) which is the *locus classicus* on the subject, the topic of *ahimsa* is canvassed with a subtlety as well as a comprehensive wisdom which hodis good for all time.

A Brahmin ascetic become cross with a good lady who delays giving him alms, because she has to attend on her husband's urgeut needs. But, unperturbed, she tells him: "Don't think you can burn me by your angry looks as you did the crane which soiled you with its droppings." Humbled by this remarkable power of second sight in a simple woman, he asks her to initiate him in the secrets of the Self. She directs him to a butcher in the city of King Janaka as the best teacher he could have. He goes to the "righteous hunter" unquestioningly and waits on his convenience. The butcher accosts him, ascertains his purpose, and deferentially takes him to his own home where he explains that his spiritual *sadhana* consists in loving service to his old parents. When the Brahman expresses surprise that one so advanced in spirituality should follow so brutal and disgusting an occupation, the butcher points out that absolute abstention from taking life, knowingly or unwittingly, is impossible, as all life lives upon other life. Even ascetics who make a vow of *ahimsa* cannot completely eschew *himsa*, all that they can do is to limit it to the barest limits possible." In this inescapable human predicament *sishta aachara* (conduct and observance of the wise) can alone be our guide.

"I was a Brahman in a former birth," said the Dharma Vyadha. "By cultivating friendship with a king, I was lured into the practice of archery and indulgence in hunting and unwittingly killed a *Rishi* who cursed me that I should be born a hunter, but with the redeeming grace that I should remember my former birth and repent. I follow this occupation because it is the hereditary calling of the family I was born in, and one must follow *swadharma*. I don't kill the animals whose flesh I sell, and I don't eat flesh myself. So long as there are men who eat flesh, so long will somebody have to do the work I do." That, it may be explained in parenthesis, is the reason why, while Manu holds that everybody connected with the slaughter of animals commits sin, Yama maintains that the man who eats their flesh is the worst sinner. "*Ahimsa*," the Dharma Vyadha went on, "is the supreme Dharma, for it is established in *Satya*. By obeying the injunctions of the wise (*Sishta*) who are actuated by compassion for all beings (*Sarva bhuuta dayaavantah*) we shall be true to the Self. It is they who enjoin us the duty of sticking to our own *dharma*. And he who follows their precept and practice ascends to the upper floor of discriminating knowledge and is free from the supreme fear, the fear of bondage to *Samsaara*. Only so can a man escape the consequences of past deeds which are responsible for what he is and what he does in this life. The key to the *dharmic* life is in renunciation.

And on that note we may conclude. Abstention from flesh and fish may not be the whole of renunciation or even a big part of it; but it undoubtedly does help to keep one's conscience sensitive and control the appetites that are the marks of unregenerate man. It was this conviction that that led millions of people in this country to make a vow of vegetarianism. And even in recent times whole communities who were flesh-eaters gave up the practice on grounds of compassion as well as of ceremonial purity. And even those who ate meat recognized the superior virtue of abstention by refraining from meat on sacred occasions. It was the strong religious and humanitarian impulse generated by the teaching of the Puranas and by such movements as Vaishnavism in Bengal and Saivism in the South that counteracted the evil effects of broadcasting among all and sundry the teachings of special cults like those of the Tantric Vaamaachaarins which may have been intended for the heroic few.

As the Dharma Vyadha taught, it is far easier for a man to slip from the life of self-control and self-denial to which he has been bred by family or caste tradition than for one who has been bred in a laxer family or caste tradition to lift himself up by his own efforts. The new waves of atheism and materialism in the land as well as the craze for following outlandish fashions and the superstition that eating fish and flesh is conducive to superior physical efficiency, are luring away many of the younger generation of Brahmins and other higher classes from their traditional moorings. Every effort must be made to prevent this backsliding, and to prevent also their checking the progressive advance of the *Ahimsa* ideal. This, it seems to me, can best be done by following the Puranic methodology. That, did not represent vegetarianism as just 'kitchen morality', matter of unintelligent taboos and prejudices. It pointed out that the practice of the higher virtues without which there can be no spiritual advancement for the individual and no vital culture for society, is contingent on growth in self-control, consideration for others, and compassion for all living beings. The man who understands the full force of these truths cannot but realize that, while non-killing and non-indulgence in flesh foods may not be the last word in ethical progress, they are indispensable for the good life lived in all its fullness and grace.

 | A note on this archive. The history section of this website is drawn from a body of legacy content originally compiled by John Davis, former manager of the International Vegetarian Union. It represents his curation of historical material, and in places includes passages written by him directly.  Over the years, the IVU website has migrated between several different hosting servers. In the course of these migrations, a number of PDF files were unfortunately lost, and **some links to PDF documents may no longer function**. Where this is the case, we have chosen to leave the original link text in place, as it may itself carry information of historical value.  - Hits: 708    ###  1957 World Vegetarian Congress   - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-index.html) - [1957 World Vegetarian Congress: Souvenir Book](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1957-congress-wvc57-souvenir-index.html)      - [History of IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html)      ###  Vegetarian Congresses: Main Archive   - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [1847 England Physiological and Vegetarian Conference](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1847-index.html) - [1850 American Vegetarian Convention](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1850-index.html) - [1890 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1890-index.html) - [1893 International Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-1893-index.html) - 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[Historical Books on Vegetarian Science](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-science-library.html) - [Science Council of IVU: Historical Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-libraries-research-science-scivu-index.html)      ###  1990s Regional Congresses and Thailand 1999   - [1999 World Vegetarian Congress: Chiang Mai](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Programme and Abstracts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-program-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Participant Profiles](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-profiles-index.html) - [1999 Thailand Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-thai99-index-old.html) - [1995 European Vegetarian Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-euro95-index.html) - [1997 European Vegetarian Congress: Bussolengo](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-euro97-index.html) - [1997 India and Far East Regional Congress](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-1999-congress-asia97-index.html)      ###  Vegetarian People, Arts and Culture   - [Famous Vegetarians: People Directory](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-people-index.html) - [Vegetarian Actors in Film and Television](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-index.html) - [Vegetarian Actors in Bollywood](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-bollywood.html) - [European Vegetarian Actors](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-actors-europe.html) - [Vegetarian Television Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-tv-index.html) - [Vegetarian Radio Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-radio-index.html) - [Vegetarian Models and Fashion Designers](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-models-index.html) - [Vegetarian Rock and Pop Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-index.html) - [Vegetarian Classical, Jazz, Folk and Country Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-classic.html) - [Vegetarian Punk, Hip-Hop and Reggae Musicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-music-punk.html) - [Vegetarian Politicians and Activists](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-politics-index.html) - [Vegetarian Sports Personalities](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-sports-index.html) - [Vegetarian Writers, Artists, Poets and Philosophers](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-index.html) - [Vegetarian Religious Leaders and Mystics](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-religious.html) - [Vegetarian Scientists and Physicians](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-writers-scientists.html) - [Vegetarian Quotations and Poetry](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-people-quotes-index.html) - [Music and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-music.html) - [Classical Music and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-classical.html) - [Jazz and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-jazz.html) - [Rock and Pop: Bands, Musicians and Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-rock.html) - [Rock and Pop: Historical Directory Version](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-music-all.html) - [Creative Writing and Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-writers-creative.html) - [Creative Writing: Historical Influences Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-people-culture-history-influences.html)      ###  2000 Toronto Congress Archive   - [2000 World Vegetarian Congress: Toronto](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-pics-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Host Association Reports](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-tva-index.html) - [2000 Toronto Congress: Vegetarian About.com Report](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2000-congress-2000-vac-index.html)      ###  Vegetarian Societies and IVU History   - [History of Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu.html) - [History of the International Vegetarian Union](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-ivu-index.html) - [Vegetarian Societies: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-societies-index.html) - [International Vegetarian Meetings Before IVU](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-pre-ivu.html) - [Vegetarian Society UK: Historical Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-vs.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in the United Kingdom](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-united-kingdom.html) - [US Vegetarian Societies: 1837-1908](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-history-societies-usa.html) - [North American Vegetarian Societies and IVU](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-northam-history.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in Latin America and the Caribbean](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-societies-latin-america.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in Africa](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-africa-history.html) - [Vegetarian Societies in South and West Asia](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-swasia-history.html) - [Indian Vegetarian Societies](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-swasia-india-history.html) - [IVU Fellows: Historical Directory](https://ivu.org/hv-societies-ivu-members-council-fellows.html)      ###  Vegetarian History: Timelines and Eras   - [Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-timeline-index.html) - [Ancient Vegetarian History Timeline](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-ancient.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1400-1800](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-pre-1800.html) - [Vegetarian History Timeline: 1800-1888](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-19a.html) - [International Vegetarianism: 1889-1907](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1900.html) - [IVU and Vegetarianism: Early 20th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-timeline-1908.html) - [Vegetarianism in Ancient Greece and Rome](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-greece-rome-index.html) - [Ancient India and Eastern Vegetarian Traditions](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-east-index.html) - [Asia and Pacific Vegetarian History up to 1900](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-east-index2.html) - [Europe: Middle Ages to the 17th Century](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-renaissance-index.html) - [European Vegetarian History: 18th Century](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-europe18.html) - [Food in England Since 1066](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-renaissance-food-england.html) - [England: Early 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-england19a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe19b-index.html) - [Europe: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20a-index.html) - [Europe: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-europe20b-index.html) - [North America: 18th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/hv-timelines-eras-history-northam18-index.html) - [USA: 19th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-usa19-index.html) - [North America: Early 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20a-index.html) - [North America: Late 20th-Century Vegetarianism](https://ivu.org/history-of-ivu/hv-general-history-northam20b-index.html)      ###  2008 Dresden Congress Archive   - [2008 World Vegetarian Congress: Dresden](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-texts-index.html) - [Illustrated History of IVU Congresses: 1908-2008](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-main-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html) - [2008 Dresden Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2008-congress-2008-index-old.html)      ###  2006 Goa Congress Archive   - [2006 World Vegetarian Congress: Goa](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Lecture Texts](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-texts-index.html) - [2006 Goa Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2006-congress-2006-jdphotos-index.html)      ###  2004 Brazil Congress Archive   - [2004 World Vegetarian Congress: Florianopolis](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Speakers and Food Demonstrators](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-speakers-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Lectures](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-lectures-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Reports and Comments](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-reports-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Cruelty-Free Fashion Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-fashion-index.html) - [2004 Congress: Rio Grande do Sul Tour Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-photos-postcong1-index.html) - [2004 Brazil Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2004-congress-2004-index-old.html)      ###  Vegan Recipes   - [![BRAISED VEGETABLES DIPPED WITH BLANCHED VEGETABLES AND BREAD](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/th10%20259_24b6dfb1d513f8a79c63469fee86f05d.jpg "BRAISED VEGETABLES DIPPED WITH BLANCHED VEGETABLES AND BREAD")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/braised-vegetables-dipped-with-blanched-vegetables-and-bread.html "BRAISED VEGETABLES DIPPED WITH BLANCHED VEGETABLES AND BREAD")           ####  [BRAISED VEGETABLES DIPPED WITH BLANCHED VEGETABLES AND BREAD](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/braised-vegetables-dipped-with-blanched-vegetables-and-bread.html "BRAISED VEGETABLES DIPPED WITH BLANCHED VEGETABLES AND BREAD")            [Breakfast and brunch](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/breakfast-and-brunch.html) [Vietnam](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/vietnam.html) - [![Kunde (A Kenyan Stew)](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/kunde--a-kenyan-stew--1777772568_84ae484833ee1067b7074def39dcd577.jpg "Kunde (A Kenyan Stew)")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/kunde-a-kenyan-stew.html "Kunde (A Kenyan Stew)")           ####  [Kunde (A Kenyan Stew)](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/kunde-a-kenyan-stew.html "Kunde (A Kenyan Stew)")            [Protein Rich](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/proteiin-rich.html) [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Kenya](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/kenya.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html) - [![Harira: Moroccan Lentil and Garbanzo Soup](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/harira--moroccan-lentil-and-garbanzo-soup-1775422289_572b96271ce2353adf4acf4882885afb.jpg "Harira: Moroccan Lentil and Garbanzo Soup")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/harira-moroccan-lentil-and-garbanzo-soup.html "Harira: Moroccan Lentil and Garbanzo Soup")           ####  [Harira: Moroccan Lentil and Garbanzo Soup](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/item/harira-moroccan-lentil-and-garbanzo-soup.html "Harira: Moroccan Lentil and Garbanzo Soup")            [Main course](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/main-course-for-lunch-and-dinner.html) [Ethiopia](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/ethiopian.html) [Soups](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/soup.html) [Morocco](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/morocco.html) [African](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/front-page/category/african.html)       ###  VFA Blog   - [![Celebrating Christmas with Delicious and Compassionate Vegan Dishes](https://ivu.org/media/zoo/images/vegan-xmas2_863fab90b5d0942879a8ab9632f1a65c.jpg "Celebrating Christmas with Delicious and Compassionate Vegan Dishes")](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/celebrating-christmas-with-delicious-and-compassionate-vegan-dishes.html "Celebrating Christmas with Delicious and Compassionate Vegan Dishes")           ####  [Celebrating Christmas with Delicious and Compassionate Vegan Dishes](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/celebrating-christmas-with-delicious-and-compassionate-vegan-dishes.html "Celebrating Christmas with Delicious and Compassionate Vegan Dishes")                - [Read more](https://ivu.org/vegan-recipes-around-the-world/vegan-food-academy/blog-front-page/item/celebrating-christmas-with-delicious-and-compassionate-vegan-dishes.html)       ###  Science   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html)     [ Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/207-rapid-global-phaseout-of-animal-agriculture-has-the-potential-to-stabilize-greenhouse-gas-levels-for-30-years.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html)     [ Animal Agriculture and Climate change a Qualitative holistic note](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/206-animal-agriculture-and-climate-change-a-qualitative-holistic-note.html) Popular - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html)     [ Environmental Impact of Two Plant Based Isocaloric and Isoproteic Diets The Vegan Diet vs the Mediterranean Diet](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/science/202-environmental-impact-of-two-plant-based-isocaloric-and-isoproteic-diets-the-vegan-diet-vs-the-mediterranean-diet.html) Popular            ###  History     [ ![Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48.jpg)    Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/283-taiwans-climate-legislation-embraces-plant-based-eating.html "Taiwan's climate legislation embraces plant based eating")       [ ![Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5.jpg)    Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022 Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/282-chinese-dietary-guidelines-2022-guideline-4-eat-fish-poultry-eggs-and-lean-meat-in-moderation.html "Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2022   Guideline 4 Eat fish poultry eggs, and lean meat in moderation")       [ ![Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference](https://ivu.org/joomlatools-files/docman-images/generated/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7.jpg)    Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No 297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference                ](https://ivu.org/international-vegetarian-union/resources/history/vegan-nutrition-history/281-reply-to-proposal-no-4748-agriculture-and-water-conservancy-category-no-297-of-the-third-session-of-the-13th-national-committee-of-the-chinese-peoples-political-consultative-conference.html "Reply to Proposal No 4748 (Agriculture and Water Conservancy Category No  297) of the Third Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People´s Political Consultative Conference")                              ###  2002 Edinburgh Congress Archive   - [2002 World Vegetarian Congress: Edinburgh](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-program-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Talks and Recipes](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-texts-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Photo Gallery](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-photos-index.html) - [2002 Edinburgh Congress: Jeff's Journal](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-journal-index.html) - [2002 Congress: Edinburgh and Scotland Travel Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-congress-2002-congress-2002-scotland-index.html)      - <a href="">Archives by Language </a>     - [Chinese People Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Traditional Chinese (Big5)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-big5.html)     - [Chinese People Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-index-gb.html)     - [Chinese Writers Archive: Simplified Chinese (GB)](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-chinese-people-writers-index-gb.html)     - [French Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-people-index.html)     - [French IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-news-magazine.html)     - [French 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-french-congress-2008-index.html)     - [German IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-news-magazine.html)     - [German 2008 Congress: Historical Materials](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-index-old.html)     - [German Illustrated IVU Congress History](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-ivuhistory-index.html)     - [German 2008 Dresden Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-german-congress-2008-program.html)     - [Italian Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-people-index.html)     - [Italian IVU Magazine Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-news-magazine.html)     - [Italian 1997 European Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-euro97-index.html)     - [Italian 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Italian 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-italian-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Portuguese 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-portuguese-congress-2008-index.html)     - [Spanish Famous Vegetarians Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-people-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-index.html)     - [Spanish 1999 Thailand Congress Programme](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-thai99-program-program.html)     - [Spanish 2008 Dresden Congress Archive](https://ivu.org/hv-language-archives-group/hv-language-archives-spanish-congress-2008-index.html)        ###  Download the Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet for Kids and Adolescents   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)     [ vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/117-vegetarian-nutrition-booklet-for-kids-and-adolescents.html) Popular               7676 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html)     [ Booklet IVU portugues web](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/122-booklet-ivu-portugues-web.html) Popular               7319 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html)     [ Nutrition Guide for Students (with Khmer Translation)](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/123-nutrition-guide-for-students-with-khmer-translation.html) Popular               6052 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html)     [ ベジタリアン・ヴィーガン栄養ガイド](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/130-2023-05-03-18-17-13.html) Popular               5524 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html)     [ BROȘURA DE NUTRIȚIE VEGETARIANĂ - Romanian](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/124-vegetarian-nutritie-cartea-pentru-copii-si-adolescenti.html) Popular               5040 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html)     [ CARTEL DE NUTRICIÓN VEGETARIANA](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/kids-booklet/131-cartel-de-nutricion-vegetariana.html) Popular               4558 downloads            ###  Nutrition   - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html)     [ What are the best sources of protein Introducing the BPI Score](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/294-what-are-the-best-sources-of-protein-introducing-the-bpi-score.html) Popular               603 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html)     [ 2024 The OMNIVEG STUDY Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men A controlled crossover trial](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/250-2024-the-omniveg-study-health-outcomes-of-shifting-from-a-traditional-to-a-vegan-mediterranean-diet-in-healthy-men-a-controlled-crossover-trial.html) Popular               2782 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html)     [ Plant Based Nutrition Exploring Health Benefits for Atherosclerosis, Chronic Diseases, and Metabolic Syndrome—A Comprehensive Review](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/205-plant-based-nutrition-exploring-health-benefits-for-atherosclerosis-chronic-diseases-and-metabolic-syndrome-a-comprehensive-review.html) Popular               3834 downloads - [ pdf ](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html)     [ 2024 Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Main Folder All Cause Mortality](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutrition-articles/health-nutrition/204-2024-plant-and-animal-fat-intake-and-overall-and-cardiovascular-disease-mortality-main-folder-all-cause-mortality.html) Popular               4052 downloads                                ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/02/adult-guide-029d8cad.png)### The International Vegetarian Union’s Vegan Nutrition Guide for Adults  In 2 versions:  - [For healthcare professionals](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/the-international-vegetarian-union-s-vegan-nutrition-guide-for-adults-healthcare-professionals.html) - [General Public Edition](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide/guide-for-non-healthcare-professionals.html)    [Get it now](https://ivu.org/nutrition/nutritional-guide.html)         ![](https://ivu.org/images/banners/booklet2.jpg)### Vegetarian Nutrition Booklet A Dietary Approach to Vegetarianism for Kids and Adolescents  The intention of this booklet is present to kids and adolescents a healthy vegan diet    [Read more](https://ivu.org/nutrition/vegetarian-nutrition-book-for-kids-and-adolescents.html)                 Vegan Nutrition            ![](https://ivu.org/media/yootheme/cache/a6/logo_IVU_01_SLOGAN-a678b962.png)               ### Presidents, Chair and Council  - [IVU President and Chair of the International Council](https://ivu.org/ivu-chair.html) - [IVU Honorary President](https://ivu.org/ivu-honorary-president.html) - 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